Elk, members of the deer family, are recognized for their impressive antlers. These bony structures are unique because, unlike horns, elk antlers are not permanent. Instead, they undergo an extraordinary annual cycle of growth and shedding.
The Elk Antler Cycle
Elk annually shed their antlers from late February through April. Immediately after shedding, a new set of antlers begins to grow, marking the start of an annual cycle. This regrowth is fast, with elk antlers capable of growing up to an inch per day during peak periods.
During the spring and summer, new antlers are covered in velvet, a skin which contains blood vessels supplying nutrients for rapid bone growth. By late summer, as the antlers reach their full size, the velvet dries and is rubbed off by the elk, revealing the hardened bone underneath. These hardened antlers are then used by male elk during the autumn rutting season for displays of dominance and combat to secure mating opportunities. After the breeding season concludes, antlers have served their purpose, leading to the shedding phase that restarts the cycle.
The Biology of Antler Shedding
The shedding of elk antlers is a process driven by hormonal changes within the animal. After the rutting season, a decrease in testosterone levels triggers the process. This hormonal shift leads to the weakening of the bone connection between the antler and the pedicle, which is the bony base on the elk’s skull where the antler attaches.
An “abscission layer” forms at this junction, where specialized bone cells called osteoclasts begin to reabsorb bone tissue. This reabsorption gradually detaches the antler from the pedicle. The shedding process is natural and causes no pain to the elk.
The Fate of Shed Antlers
Once shed, elk antlers become a valuable part of the ecosystem. Many animals, particularly rodents like mice, squirrels, and porcupines, gnaw on the shed antlers. These animals seek the rich source of calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals.
Antlers also provide a means for rodents to wear down their continuously growing teeth. Other animals, including coyotes, bears, and even other elk, have been observed consuming shed antlers. This consumption ensures that nutrients are recycled back into the environment.
Factors Influencing Shedding Timing
While elk shed their antlers from late February to April, several factors can influence the timing for individual animals. Age plays a role, with older bulls often shedding their antlers earlier than younger ones.
An elk’s nutritional status also impacts shedding. Well-fed elk may retain their antlers longer or shed earlier depending on region and conditions. Geographic location and climate, particularly the severity of winter, can also affect the timing; milder winters might lead to earlier shedding, while harsh conditions could speed up the process. Overall health and even injury can influence when an elk sheds its antlers.