The production of a simple cotton shirt involves extensive water use. Textile manufacturing consumes vast amounts of water from raw materials to finishing. This contributes to water scarcity and pollution. Understanding this reveals the hidden environmental impact of garments.
The Water Footprint of Cotton
A single cotton shirt requires about 2,700 liters (713 gallons) of water. This “water footprint” includes all water used from cotton cultivation to fabric finishing. The amount varies by cotton type, region, and production methods. Approximately 60% of this water footprint comes from cotton farming.
Where Water is Used in Cotton Production
Water is consumed at multiple stages in the journey from cotton seed to finished shirt. Cotton cultivation is particularly water-intensive, especially in arid or semi-arid regions where irrigation is necessary to supplement rainfall. Cotton plants have specific water needs during their growth cycle, with significant amounts required during flowering and boll opening stages, which are crucial for yield. While cotton is considered drought-tolerant, its production often relies on irrigation from surface and groundwater sources.
Beyond farming, water is integral to cotton fiber processing. After harvest, raw cotton undergoes ginning to separate fibers from seeds. Spinning and weaving also use water. However, the largest water consumption in textile processing occurs in wet stages like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, and finishing.
Dyeing and finishing processes demand substantial water. Textile dyeing is particularly water-intensive, using large quantities to apply dyes and chemicals. Finishing treatments like mercerization and printing also contribute to high water demand. On average, about 200 liters of water may be required to process one kilogram of textile material.
Reducing Cotton’s Water Impact
Efforts are underway across the cotton and textile industries to mitigate substantial water consumption. Sustainable farming practices focus on improving water efficiency in cultivation. This includes the adoption of advanced irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation, which delivers water directly to plant roots, significantly reducing water loss. Precision agriculture, utilizing technologies like moisture sensors and satellite data, helps farmers apply water only where and when needed, leading to improved water efficiency. Organic cotton farming also contributes to water conservation by often relying on rainwater and natural irrigation, reducing the strain on freshwater resources.
Technological advancements also reduce water use in textile processing. Innovations include waterless dyeing methods and digital printing. Closed-loop water systems in factories recycle and treat water, minimizing fresh water needs. Efficient washing techniques and machines requiring less water are also being implemented.
Consumers also promote sustainable cotton production. Choosing certified sustainable cotton supports practices prioritizing reduced water use and environmental protection. Extending garment lifespan through careful use, repair, and proper washing lessens demand for new textile production and its water footprint.