Fecal calprotectin testing offers a non-invasive way to assess intestinal inflammation. This diagnostic tool provides valuable insights into gastrointestinal health without the need for more invasive procedures. By analyzing a small stool sample, healthcare providers can understand inflammatory processes in the digestive tract. This approach helps guide further diagnostic steps and treatment strategies for various bowel conditions.
Understanding the Calprotectin Test
Calprotectin is a protein released by neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, as part of the body’s immune response. When inflammation occurs in the digestive tract, these neutrophils migrate to the inflamed area and release calprotectin, which then mixes with the stool. Measuring calprotectin in a stool sample indicates inflammation within the intestines. Elevated levels suggest its presence.
This test is useful in distinguishing between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and non-inflammatory conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBD involves chronic inflammation that can damage the intestinal lining, while IBS is a functional disorder that does not cause such inflammation. A calprotectin test helps clinicians determine if symptoms like abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits are linked to inflammation, guiding appropriate follow-up tests or treatments.
Collecting the Stool Sample
Accurate collection of a stool sample is important for reliable calprotectin test results. Healthcare providers supply a specialized collection kit, including a clean, leak-proof container and an applicator stick. The amount of stool required ranges from 1 to 5 grams, often described as about the size of a walnut. Some laboratories may specify needing about 3 grams for a solid stool sample.
To collect the sample, avoid contamination with urine or toilet water, as these can affect test results. Patients can use methods like placing plastic wrap across the toilet bowl or a clean, disposable container. It is recommended to collect the first bowel movement of the day, as this sample may contain the highest calprotectin levels. After collection, use the provided applicator to transfer the required amount into the container, ensuring the sample is representative and the container is tightly sealed.
Ensuring Sample Integrity
Maintaining the integrity of the collected stool sample is important for accurate calprotectin test results. If an insufficient amount of stool is provided, the laboratory may not be able to perform the test, necessitating re-collection. Contamination with toilet water, urine, or other foreign substances can invalidate the sample, leading to inaccurate readings or rejection. Samples collected with fixatives or preservatives are not suitable for calprotectin testing.
Proper storage and timely transport of the sample are equally important to preserve its quality. While room temperature storage is sometimes suggested for short periods, many laboratories recommend refrigerating the sample at 2-8°C if it cannot be transported immediately. The sample should be returned to the laboratory or healthcare provider within 24 to 72 hours of collection for optimal results. Certain medications, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and alcohol can influence calprotectin levels, and patients may be advised to avoid them before testing.