Snake venom is a complex biological secretion, produced and stored in specialized glands within the snake’s head. This potent fluid is a mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various toxins, which vary significantly between snake species. Its natural purpose primarily involves immobilizing and initiating the digestion of prey, though it also serves as a defensive mechanism against perceived threats.
Why Snake Venom is Valuable
Snake venom holds substantial value due to its diverse applications in medicine and scientific research. A primary use is in the production of antivenom, a life-saving treatment for snakebites. This process involves injecting small, controlled doses of venom into animals, such as horses or sheep, to stimulate their immune systems to produce antibodies. These antibodies are then harvested and purified to create the antivenom used in humans.
Beyond antivenom, venom components are extensively studied for drug discovery and development. For instance, the first angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug, Captopril, originated from research on the venom of the Brazilian pit viper, Bothrops jararaca. This medication helps lower blood pressure. Recent studies continue to explore venom peptides for new hypertension treatments.
Snake venom also shows promise in managing chronic pain. Certain components, such as those found in cobra venom, have demonstrated analgesic properties comparable to morphine, notably without addictive effects. Research into toxins like mambalgins from the black mamba is exploring new avenues for pain relief by targeting specific neural pathways.
Venom components are also being investigated for their potential in cancer treatment. They have shown an ability to selectively target and destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells relatively unharmed.
The high cost of snake venom, ranging from approximately $100 to over $4,000 per gram, stems from several factors. These include the limited availability of certain venomous snake species, the small yield of venom obtained per extraction, and the inherent dangers and specialized skills required for collection. Additionally, high purity standards and global demand from research institutions and pharmaceutical companies contribute to its significant market value.
How Venom is Collected
The process of collecting snake venom is commonly known as “milking.” This procedure typically involves a trained snake handler gently restraining the snake, often by holding it securely behind the head. The snake’s fangs are then guided to bite onto a thin membrane, such as parafilm or latex, stretched over a collection vessel like a beaker. As the snake bites, its venom glands contract, releasing venom through its fangs into the container.
Another method, less common for routine collection, involves electrical stimulation. This technique applies a mild electrical current to the snake’s venom glands, inducing muscle contractions that cause the venom to be expelled.
Safety precautions are paramount during venom extraction, with handlers often working in controlled environments such as specialized venom farms or research laboratories. These facilities are equipped with strict safety protocols, and antivenom is typically kept on-site in case of accidental bites. After collection, the raw venom is usually frozen to preserve its biological activity and then processed further, often through lyophilization, to create a stable, dry powder for storage and transport.
The Venom Industry
The snake venom industry connects specialized suppliers with a diverse range of buyers. Primary purchasers include pharmaceutical companies for drug development and antivenom production. Academic research institutions also buy venom for studies into its biological properties and therapeutic applications. Diagnostic companies and biological supply houses acquire venom for various laboratory tests and research tools.
On the selling side, specialized venom farms are prominent suppliers, housing and maintaining large collections of venomous snakes to ensure a consistent supply. Zoos with established venom programs also contribute to the supply, often focusing on species relevant to regional antivenom needs.
The global market for snake venom is experiencing growth, with projections indicating it could reach approximately $3.95 billion by 2028. This market is subject to various regulations and ethical considerations. The collection, sale, and transport of snake venom often require specific permits from governmental authorities. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) also regulates the trade of venom from protected or endangered snake species, influencing availability and pricing.