Stem cells are unique cells with the ability to develop into many different cell types and self-renew. This combination makes them a subject of significant medical interest. This article explores the practical aspects of stem cell storage, including costs, duration, and quantity typically preserved.
Why Store Stem Cells?
Storing stem cells offers a resource for future medical treatments in regenerative medicine. They hold promise for repairing damaged tissues, addressing various diseases, and replacing affected cells. The concept involves using these versatile cells to help the body heal or intervene in disease processes.
Stem cells might be used to aid recovery from injuries, treat certain blood disorders, or manage autoimmune conditions. Having a readily available source of these cells, for the individual or a compatible family member, provides a therapeutic option should the need arise.
The Process of Stem Cell Storage
Stem cells for storage are commonly sourced from umbilical cord blood and tissue collected at birth, or from adult tissues such as bone marrow and adipose (fat) tissue. Umbilical cord blood collection is a non-invasive procedure performed immediately after birth, posing no risk or pain to the mother or baby. The blood is drawn from the cord into a collection bag.
Adult stem cells can be collected through bone marrow aspiration or peripheral blood collection (apheresis). Collected samples are transported to a specialized laboratory for processing. This involves separating stem cells from other blood components, removing impurities, and performing a cell count to determine viability.
The cells then undergo cryopreservation, a controlled freezing process that slowly lowers the temperature to around -40°C before transfer to long-term cryogenic storage tanks maintained at -196°C in liquid nitrogen. This extreme cold halts metabolic activity, preserving cells for future use.
Storage Duration and Cost
Stem cells preserved through cryopreservation can theoretically be stored indefinitely, with studies demonstrating viability for decades. Cord blood stem cells have shown viability after 27 years, and successful engraftment has been observed with cells stored for up to 11 years. Long-term storage relies on high-quality cryopreservation procedures and consistent maintenance of ultra-low temperatures.
Private stem cell storage involves an initial processing fee and ongoing annual storage fees. Initial processing fees for cord blood banking range from approximately $895 to $3,000, or £550 to £2,650, depending on the service and whether cord tissue is stored. This one-time fee covers the collection kit, courier service, processing, and initial preservation. Annual storage fees typically fall between $100 and $300, or £120 and £199. Some private banks offer long-term payment plans or discounted rates for multiple years of storage, including 18-year or lifetime plans. The total cost can vary based on the type of stem cells, specific services, and additional testing utilized.
Quantity of Stem Cells for Storage
The quantity of stem cells refers to the number of viable cells needed for a potential therapeutic application. The optimal number varies based on the intended use and the recipient’s body weight. Clinical trials suggest mesenchymal stem cell dosages range from 20 million to 200 million cells per treatment. For some applications, a dose of 10^5 to 10^6 cells per kilogram of body weight is necessary for therapeutic levels.
Stem cell storage banks aim to collect and preserve a sufficient number of cells to meet future needs, often providing a minimum viable cell count guarantee. Collection and processing methods influence the total number of stem cells recovered from a sample. Higher cell counts are desirable as they may offer greater flexibility for various treatments or multiple applications.
Choosing a Stem Cell Storage Bank
When choosing a stem cell storage bank, evaluate several factors. Accreditation and regulatory compliance are key indicators of a bank’s quality and adherence to established standards. Look for accreditations from organizations such as the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) and the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT), as these signify rigorous oversight of collection, processing, and storage protocols. All cord blood banks in the United States are required to register with the FDA.
The financial stability and longevity of the storage bank are important considerations, as stem cell storage is a long-term commitment. Inquire about the bank’s history, ownership of their laboratory facilities, and any backup plans if the company ceases operations. Transparency in pricing and services is another factor, with clear breakdowns of initial fees, annual costs, and any potential additional charges. Understanding the process for retrieving stored cells, including any associated fees or procedures, provides clarity for future needs.