The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is one of the world’s rarest and most geographically restricted big cats. This solitary predator is confined primarily to the temperate forests and mountainous regions of the Russian Far East and a small adjacent area in northern China. Currently listed as critically endangered, its existence in a harsh, cold environment has led to unique physical characteristics that distinguish it from other leopard subspecies.
Average Weight and Size Metrics
The physical size of the Amur leopard is characterized by sexual dimorphism, meaning males are noticeably larger and heavier than females. An adult male Amur leopard typically weighs between 32.2 and 48 kilograms (71 to 106 pounds). While this is the common range, exceptionally large males have been documented reaching weights up to 75 kilograms (165 pounds).
In contrast, adult females are significantly more slender, with their weight generally falling between 25 and 42.5 kilograms (55 to 94 pounds). Beyond weight, the leopard’s overall stature is relatively modest. The typical body length for an adult male, measured from the nose to the base of the tail, spans 107 to 136 centimeters (42 to 54 inches).
The tail adds another 82 to 90 centimeters (32 to 35 inches) to the total length. The height of the Amur leopard is measured at the shoulder, where an adult male stands between 64 and 78 centimeters (25 to 31 inches) tall.
Distinct Physical Adaptations
The Amur leopard possesses several specialized physical traits that allow it to thrive in its cold, snowy environment. One notable feature is its coat, which is exceptionally thick and dense, especially during the winter months. The hair, which is a pale cream color, can increase from around 20–25 millimeters in the summer to up to 70 millimeters (2.8 inches) in the winter for maximum insulation.
This pale coloration is a specific adaptation for camouflage against the snow-covered landscape, making it a lighter shade than the coats of leopards found in warmer regions. The coat is marked with widely spaced rosettes that are noticeably larger than those seen on other subspecies, featuring thick, unbroken black rings with darkened centers.
The cat’s limbs are also adapted for movement in its habitat, possessing longer legs and wider paws than many of its southern relatives. These proportions help the Amur leopard navigate deep snow with greater ease, preventing it from sinking and conserving energy during travel and hunting.