A colonoscopy is a common medical procedure that examines the large intestine. It plays a significant role in screening for colorectal cancer and identifying various bowel conditions. While generally safe, patients often feel anxious about potential symptoms afterward, including bleeding. Understanding what to expect can alleviate concerns.
Why Bleeding Can Occur
Bleeding after a colonoscopy can occur for several reasons. One common cause involves the removal of polyps, which are growths on the colon’s inner lining that can sometimes be precancerous. During a polypectomy, an electrical current often seals the area where the polyp was removed, but minor bleeding can still occur as the tissue heals. Taking tissue samples, known as biopsies, also creates small sites where bleeding is possible.
The colon’s lining contains many blood vessels, making it susceptible to minor bleeding when disturbed. The insertion and movement of the colonoscope, along with the inflation of air to improve visibility, can irritate the bowel wall, leading to some light bleeding. Certain factors can increase the risk, such as blood-thinning medications or pre-existing bleeding disorders.
What Normal Bleeding Looks Like
After a colonoscopy, a small amount of blood is often normal, especially if biopsies or polyps were removed. This typically appears as bright red streaks on toilet paper or a few drops in the toilet bowl. The amount of blood is usually minimal, not enough to significantly color the water.
Normal post-procedure bleeding generally resolves within a short period. For most individuals, any spotting or light bleeding should subside within a few hours to a couple of days. If a polyp was removed, particularly a larger one, minor bleeding might continue intermittently for up to a week. This type of bleeding is common as treated areas heal.
When Bleeding Signals a Problem
While some bleeding is expected, certain characteristics indicate it may be more serious and require medical attention. Heavy rectal bleeding that continues or worsens is a significant warning sign. This could manifest as frequent, large amounts of blood, or the passage of large blood clots. Dark red or maroon blood, or black, tarry stools, known as melena, can also signal bleeding higher in the colon or more significant blood loss.
Bleeding can sometimes be delayed, occurring up to 10 to 14 days after a polyp removal. If bleeding is accompanied by other symptoms, it becomes more concerning. These include severe or worsening abdominal pain, dizziness, lightheadedness, or weakness. A fever, chills, or persistent nausea and vomiting are also symptoms that, when present with bleeding, should prompt immediate medical evaluation.
Immediate Steps and When to Seek Care
If you experience concerning symptoms like heavy or continuous bleeding, severe abdominal pain, or dizziness, contact your doctor or clinic immediately. They can provide guidance and determine if further evaluation is necessary.
For severe symptoms, such as passing large amounts of blood that fills the toilet, fainting, or intense abdominal pain, seek emergency medical care. This means calling emergency services or going to the nearest emergency room. Prompt assessment helps manage potential complications.