Gray wolves have returned to California after nearly a century-long absence, marking a significant natural recolonization for the state’s ecosystems. Their re-establishment began with individual wolves dispersing into California from neighboring states, particularly Oregon. This gradual return has generated considerable public interest regarding their presence and current population numbers within the state.
California’s Wolf Population
California’s gray wolf population has increased since the first confirmed wolf, OR-7, ventured into the state in late 2011. As of late 2024, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) documented at least 50 individual wolves. These wolves are organized into several known packs, primarily located in northeastern California.
Seven confirmed wolf packs are active in California: the Lassen Pack, Whaleback Pack, Beyem Seyo Pack, Harvey Pack, Yowlumni Pack, Diamond Pack, and Ice Cave Pack. The Lassen Pack and Whaleback Pack are prominent groups in northern California, with the Whaleback Pack producing notable litters in recent years. While most activity is concentrated in counties like Siskiyou, Lassen, Plumas, and Modoc, the Yowlumni Pack represents a more southerly presence in Tulare County. In 2024, five of these packs met the CDFW’s criteria for a “breeding pair,” consisting of two adults and at least two pups surviving until year-end.
Tracking and Identification
Wildlife agencies employ various methods to monitor and identify wolves across California’s diverse landscapes. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) uses a combination of field techniques and public engagement to gather data. This includes collecting and analyzing scat for DNA, which helps identify individual wolves and their origins.
Trail cameras are also deployed in areas of known or suspected wolf activity, capturing images and videos that confirm presence and aid in population estimates. When possible, wolves are fitted with GPS collars, which provide location data and insights into their movements and pack dynamics. Public sightings are also an important source of information; these reports are investigated by CDFW staff, often involving field verification. The CDFW has also introduced an online mapping tool that provides updates on GPS-collared wolves, enhancing transparency and aiding in conflict prevention.
Protection and Conservation
Gray wolves in California are protected under both federal and state laws. They are listed as an endangered species under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). This status prohibits harming or killing wolves.
The CDFW manages the state’s wolf population through its Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California. This plan outlines strategies for wolf recovery and coexistence, emphasizing nonlethal deterrents to minimize conflicts, particularly with livestock. The state has also established a compensation program to support ranchers for confirmed livestock losses due to wolf depredation. California has entered “Phase 2” of its wolf management plan, which initiates a review of the species’ status and further evaluation of management strategies.