Wild monkeys are an established presence in Florida’s diverse ecosystems. These non-native primates have integrated into natural and urban environments, highlighting the complex outcomes when non-native species become established. Understanding their origins, current numbers, and the broader implications of their presence provides insight into this unique aspect of Florida’s wildlife.
Key Species and Their Origins
Two primary species of wild monkeys are found in Florida: Rhesus macaques and vervet monkeys. These non-native primates arrived in Florida largely through accidental escapes or intentional releases from facilities or private collections.
Rhesus macaques, originally from Asia, became established in Florida primarily through releases by tour boat operator Colonel Tooey. In the 1930s, Tooey released approximately six Rhesus macaques onto an island in the Silver River near Silver Springs State Park, intending to enhance his “Jungle Cruise” tours. The monkeys, strong swimmers, quickly reached the mainland and reproduced. Another six Rhesus macaques were reportedly released by Tooey in 1948, further contributing to the growing population.
Vervet monkeys, native to West Africa, established their population in Florida through a different route. These monkeys are primarily found near Dania Beach, south of Fort Lauderdale. Their origins trace back to the 1940s, when they escaped from the Anthropoid Ape Research Foundation, the Dania Chimpanzee Farm. The facility imported primates for biomedical research, and the escaped vervet monkeys adapted to the local environment, forming a distinct colony.
Current Population Estimates and Locations
Rhesus macaques are the most widespread wild monkey species in Florida. The largest population resides in and around Silver Springs State Park in central Florida. By the early 1980s, their numbers along the Silver River had reached around 400 animals, and their range extended to the Ocklawaha River. A 2018 study reported a minimum of 134 macaques along the Ocklawaha River. The current total Rhesus macaque population across Florida, including those outside Silver Springs, is estimated to be in the hundreds.
The vervet monkey population is considerably smaller and more localized. These monkeys are concentrated in Dania Beach, near the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport. Recent data indicates a stable population of around 40 to 41 vervet monkeys, distributed among four social groups, suggesting limited population growth.
While squirrel monkeys have also been introduced to Florida, their populations have not become established like Rhesus macaques or vervet monkeys, with only a few individuals remaining on private property as of 2021.
Ecological and Public Health Implications
Non-native monkey populations in Florida raise ecological and public health concerns. Ecologically, Rhesus macaques consume native plant species and have been observed eating quail eggs, affecting native bird populations through predation. Past macaque populations in the Florida Keys caused significant destruction of mangroves, leading to shoreline erosion. Their presence can also lead to elevated levels of certain bacteria in waterways.
Rhesus macaques carry the Herpes B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1), a public health concern. While typically asymptomatic in macaques, it can cause severe, potentially fatal neurological disease in humans if left untreated. Transmission occurs through direct contact with macaque bodily fluids, such as bites or scratches. Studies show that between 4% and 14% of Rhesus macaques can shed the virus orally, particularly when stressed, increasing transmission risk. No human cases have been documented from wild Florida macaques, though worldwide cases, primarily in laboratory settings, have occurred with a high mortality rate if untreated.
Management Efforts and Outlook
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) manages these non-native primates due to their effects on native ecosystems and public safety. Historically, approximately 1,000 Rhesus macaques were removed from Silver Springs between 1984 and 2012 through trapping for biomedical research. This practice was discontinued due to public debate.
Current management includes monitoring populations and discussing strategies like fertility control, though large-scale implementation presents challenges. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) prohibits feeding wild monkeys, as this increases aggression and the risk of injury and disease transmission. Managing wild monkey populations remains complex due to varying public sentiment and the monkeys’ adaptability. Their numbers are likely to grow without consistent management, making ongoing research important for effective long-term strategies.