The question of how many types of llamas exist often leads to confusion because the term “llama” is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to all four South American camelid species. The llama is classified scientifically as a single domesticated species, Lama glama. It descended from the wild guanaco, with domestication occurring in the Peruvian Andes over 6,000 years ago.
Historically, the llama served pre-Columbian Andean cultures as a source of meat, fiber, fuel, and, most significantly, as a beast of burden. It was selectively bred for its capacity to carry loads of 25 to 30% of its body weight over long distances in high-altitude mountains. While the llama is one species, variations are understood by recognizing two main types within the species.
Clarifying the South American Camelid Family
The South American camelid family includes two wild species, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna), and two domesticated species, the llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Lama pacos). These four are genetically related but represent separate evolutionary paths and human-directed breeding efforts.
The llama is the largest and most robust of the four, possessing a heavier build and a less uniform coat compared to the alpaca. The alpaca, domesticated from the vicuña, was primarily bred for its highly prized, fine wool. The llama, by contrast, was bred for its strength and ability to transport goods, making the two domesticated species distinct in conformation and utility.
Primary Classifications of Llamas
Within the single species Lama glama, classification into “types” is based on fiber characteristics and overall conformation. Breeders generally recognize two main classifications: the Ccara, or Classic Llama, and the Wooly Llama. These types represent different breeding goals that evolved over centuries.
The Ccara Llama, often called the Classic type, is the most traditional phenotype. The name Ccara derives from the Quechua word meaning “bare.” This type is distinguished by its shorter, coarser double coat, leaving the face, ears, and lower legs relatively bare of long fiber. The coat consists of a rough outer guard hair layer and a finer undercoat.
The Wooly Llama, sometimes called the Lanuda, represents the other end of the fiber spectrum. This type was selectively bred for a heavier and longer fleece that covers the body more densely, often extending down the legs and across the face. The Wooly type’s fiber is thicker and kinkier, with less distinction between guard hairs and undercoat, appearing as a single, uniform layer. The Wooly type evolved from the original Ccara llama through selection for increased fiber production. Many llamas today exhibit intermediate fleece types due to crossbreeding.
Distinctions in Practical Use
The Ccara Llama’s conformation, characterized by a lean, athletic build and longer legs, makes it the preferred animal for packing and long-distance transport. Its shorter, less dense coat allows for better heat dissipation, which is advantageous when carrying heavy loads. The Ccara type also frequently excels as a guard animal for livestock due to its territorial nature.
Conversely, the Wooly Llama is primarily valued for its softer, more abundant fiber. The heavy fiber on the Wooly type can cause overheating during strenuous work, making it less suitable for use as a pack animal. The coarser fiber of the Ccara is historically used to create durable textiles and ropes. An owner’s choice depends on whether the animal’s primary role will be fiber production or utility work.