Capybaras, known for their calm demeanor and social nature, inhabit the diverse landscapes of Central and South America. These unique animals are the world’s largest rodents, characterized by their barrel-shaped bodies, short heads, and reddish-brown fur. Their semi-aquatic lifestyle, spending considerable time in and around water bodies, is a defining feature that sets them apart.
The Two Recognized Capybara Species
Scientists recognize two distinct capybara species: the Common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and the Lesser Capybara (Hydrochoerus isthmius). The Common Capybara is widely distributed across much of South America, while the Lesser Capybara has a more confined range in northern South America and parts of Central America. Both species belong to the genus Hydrochoerus, highlighting their close biological relationship.
Distinguishing Characteristics and Habitats
The Common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the larger of the two species, typically reaching lengths of 106 to 134 centimeters (3.5 to 4.4 feet) and standing about 50 to 62 centimeters (20 to 24 inches) tall at the shoulder. Their weight can range from 35 to 66 kilograms (77 to 146 pounds), with some individuals weighing up to 79 kg (174 pounds). This species generally exhibits reddish-brown fur that can appear yellowish-brown on its underside. They thrive in semi-aquatic environments such as savannas, dense forests, and wetlands, always near bodies of water like lakes, rivers, swamps, and marshes. Their broad geographical distribution spans from Venezuela and Colombia, south into Argentina, and across the Amazon River basin.
The Lesser Capybara (Hydrochoerus isthmius) is noticeably smaller than its common relative. Adults typically grow to about 1 meter (3 feet) in length and weigh up to 28 kilograms (62 pounds). While sharing many physical similarities with the Common Capybara, including short, brown hair and partially webbed feet, the Lesser Capybara often has a slightly darker brown coat. Its geographical range is more restricted, found in eastern Panama, northwestern Colombia, and western Venezuela, primarily west of the Andes Mountains. Lesser Capybaras depend on areas close to water, inhabiting marshes, ponds, and lagoons.
Understanding Regional Variations
While only two capybara species are formally recognized, regional variations exist, particularly within the widespread Common Capybara population, as adaptations to diverse local environments. For instance, populations in different areas might show subtle differences in size or coat color, influenced by local diet and climate. Though these regional differences can lead to the perception of more “types” of capybaras, they are considered subspecies or ecotypes, representing genetic and physical adaptations to specific environmental conditions rather than separate species. Such variations highlight the capybara’s adaptability across its vast South American habitat.