Coyotes are highly adaptable wild canids found across diverse North American landscapes, from arid deserts to bustling urban environments. Coyotes play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance through their hunting and scavenging activities. Their ability to thrive in varied habitats is supported by their specialized physical adaptations, particularly their dental structure.
The Coyote’s Dental Count
An adult coyote possesses a total of 42 teeth, a count consistent with most adult canids. This full set of permanent teeth develops after their initial deciduous, or “milk,” teeth fall out, typically around six months of age. Coyote pups are born with this temporary set of teeth, which begin to appear at about two weeks old.
Anatomy and Purpose of Coyote Teeth
A coyote’s dental structure is well-suited for its opportunistic, omnivorous diet, which includes small mammals, fruits, insects, and carrion. The comprehensive dental formula for a coyote is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3, which totals 42 teeth when multiplied by two for each side of the jaw. Each type of tooth serves a distinct purpose in their feeding behavior.
At the very front of the coyote’s mouth are the incisors, with three pairs in both the upper and lower jaws. These small, squarish teeth have sharp edges. Incisors are primarily used for nipping, grooming their fur, and stripping meat from bones.
Behind the incisors are the prominent canine teeth, one on each side of both the upper and lower jaws. These four teeth are notably long, pointed, and sharp, often measuring around 1.5 inches in length. Canines are primarily used for gripping and holding onto prey, tearing flesh, and for defense.
Further back in the mouth, behind the canines, are the premolars, with four pairs in both the upper and lower jaws. These teeth, along with the molars, are often referred to as “cheek teeth.” Premolars feature sharp, blade-like edges. Their main function involves shearing and cutting food into smaller, more manageable pieces.
The molars are located at the very back of the coyote’s mouth, with two pairs in the upper jaw and three pairs in the lower jaw. These teeth have broader, flatter surfaces compared to the other tooth types. Molars are instrumental in crushing and grinding tougher food items, such as nuts, insects, and even bones. This grinding ability underscores the coyote’s adaptability to various food sources, including harder plant materials and carrion.