The beluga whale, often called the “canary of the sea” for its wide range of vocalizations, is a distinctive Arctic marine mammal. Living in the icy, high-latitude waters, this toothed whale has developed specialized physical characteristics. Understanding the beluga’s biology includes examining its dental structure, which is adapted for its specific diet. This article explores the number and role of beluga whale teeth.
The Specific Tooth Count
The number of teeth in a beluga whale is not a fixed figure but rather a range, varying slightly between individuals. Generally, a beluga possesses between 30 and 40 teeth in total, a number that is considered low among toothed whales (odontocetes). These teeth are symmetrically arranged in both the upper and lower jaws, typically consisting of 8 to 11 pairs in each jaw. The teeth are not all erupted at birth, with their appearance continuing into the first few years of life.
Anatomy and Purpose of Beluga Teeth
Beluga teeth are simple in form, characterized by a conical, peg-like shape and a lack of complex roots. They are also considered homodont, meaning they are all relatively similar in shape, unlike the varied teeth of humans. Beluga teeth have little to no enamel, which is quickly worn away after they erupt from the gums.
The primary function of these teeth is not for chewing or cutting food. Instead, the beluga uses its teeth to grasp and hold slippery prey, such as fish, squid, and crustaceans. Once secured, the beluga swallows its meal whole. The teeth are complemented by the beluga’s highly muscular and flexible mouth, which allows for strong suction feeding to capture prey.
Dental Characteristics and Lifecycle
Beluga whales are monophyodont, meaning they grow only one set of teeth during their lifetime. Their teeth begin to appear between one and two years of age, and all are at least partially visible by the end of the third year. As the whale ages, its teeth experience significant wear and tear, often due to bottom-feeding habits, which can involve ingesting sand and gravel along with prey. In older animals, the teeth can become substantially worn down, sometimes nearly to the gum line.
The teeth also contain specialized dentine tissue that records the animal’s age in distinct layers, similar to tree rings. Scientists can count these growth layer groups (GLGs) in a cross-section of a tooth to accurately estimate the whale’s age after its death. One growth layer is deposited annually.