Panama’s tropical maritime location gives its climate a unique character not found in temperate zones. Unlike countries farther from the equator that experience four distinct seasons, Panama’s weather cycle is defined by two primary periods. Temperature remains relatively constant throughout the year, making rainfall the main factor that differentiates the seasons. This results in a clear division between a dry period and a wet period.
Panama’s Two Climate Seasons
Panama’s location near the equator dictates that its seasons are marked by shifts in precipitation, not changes in temperature. This position ensures that the length of the day and the intensity of solar radiation remain consistent year-round. Consequently, the country experiences a Dry Season and a Wet Season, locally referred to as Verano (Summer) and Invierno (Winter). These local terms reflect comfort rather than the temperature changes found in higher latitudes.
The Dry Season Defined
The Dry Season, or Verano, typically runs from mid-December through the end of April. This period is characterized by reduced rainfall and an increase in sunny days. Daytime temperatures in the lowlands hover around 85 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit (29 to 35 degrees Celsius).
This season is also marked by increased wind, which helps clear the skies and provides a slight cooling effect. Humidity levels drop considerably during this time. Clear blue skies are the norm, and it is common to experience weeks without measurable precipitation, especially along the Pacific coast.
Cooler temperatures at night, often dropping into the low 70s Fahrenheit (around 21 degrees Celsius), provide comfortable evenings. This makes the dry season a popular time for outdoor activities and beach visits.
The Wet Season Defined
The Wet Season, or Invierno, generally begins in May and continues until mid-December. It is often called the Green Season because increased moisture transforms the landscape into a lush, vibrant environment. The defining characteristic is the pattern of rain, which usually occurs as heavy, predictable downpours or thunderstorms in the afternoon or early evening.
Mornings during the Wet Season are frequently sunny and clear, allowing for consistent activity before the mid-day weather shift. Precipitation often falls in intense bursts lasting an hour or two before clearing up, rather than extended periods of drizzle. Humidity levels are markedly higher during this time, often reaching 90 to 100 percent, which contributes to the perception of heat.
Rainfall typically peaks in October and November before gradually tapering off toward the beginning of December.
Regional Climate Differences
While the two-season pattern holds true across Panama, its manifestation varies due to the country’s topography.
Pacific Coast
The Pacific coast, including Panama City, experiences the most defined seasonal shift, receiving between 45 and 90 inches of rain annually. Certain areas along the Pacific, such as the Azuero Peninsula, fall within a rain-shadow zone known as the “Dry Arc.” This area sees lower rainfall and a more pronounced dry period.
Caribbean Coast
Conversely, the Caribbean coast is substantially wetter, with rain falling almost year-round and annual precipitation often exceeding 100 inches. The influence of the central mountain range causes the Caribbean side to have a less distinct dry season compared to the Pacific side.
Mountainous Highlands
The mountainous highlands, such as the region around Boquete, experience a cooler climate overall due to elevation. Average daytime highs are around 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24 degrees Celsius). These elevated areas receive significant rainfall, and a misty, light rain called bajareque is a frequent occurrence, even during the dry months.