Sandhill Cranes are large, majestic birds known across North America for their distinctive calls and impressive stature. These birds are found throughout various habitats, ranging from wetlands to open grasslands. Many populations undertake extensive migratory journeys between their northern breeding grounds and southern wintering areas. However, some subspecies, like those in Florida and Mississippi, are non-migratory and remain in their habitats year-round.
Typical Clutch Size
Sandhill Cranes typically lay a clutch of one to two eggs. While two eggs are most common, single-egg clutches are also observed, and three-egg clutches are considered rare. An average clutch size for these cranes is approximately 1.9 eggs.
Four-egg clutches are exceptionally rare in the wild, with only one instance documented. This relatively small clutch size is a characteristic trait among larger, long-lived bird species. Factors such as the parents’ age and prevailing environmental conditions can influence the exact number of eggs laid.
Nesting Habits and Incubation
Sandhill Cranes construct their nests primarily in wetland environments, often over standing water. These nests are substantial mound-like platforms, built from marsh plants, grasses, and other vegetation. Both the male and female contribute to nest construction, gathering materials and tossing them onto the mound, with the female typically arranging the final cup-shaped structure. The timing of the nesting season varies depending on the population; migratory cranes generally lay their eggs in April or May, while non-migratory residents may begin as early as December and continue through August.
Incubation of the eggs lasts for approximately 29 to 32 days. Both parents share incubation by taking turns on the nest. Incubation usually commences once the first egg is laid, which means the eggs hatch a day or two apart. The parents remain vigilant, with the non-incubating adult often guarding the nest.
Parental Care and Colt Survival
Upon hatching, Sandhill Crane chicks, known as “colts,” are precocial. This means they are born well-developed, covered in soft downy feathers, and have open eyes. Within hours of hatching, colts are capable of leaving the nest and can walk or even swim. Parents feed their young by presenting food directly from their beaks and diligently protecting them from predators.
Despite this extensive parental care, environmental challenges and sibling competition often mean that only one colt survives to fledge. Sibling aggression can be pronounced shortly after hatching, contributing to the reduction in brood size. Colts typically fledge around 70 to 75 days of age. However, the young cranes continue to stay with their parents for an extended period, often for nine to ten months, learning essential survival skills.