Cows, often perceived as gentle grazers, can be involved in incidents leading to injuries or fatalities. While generally docile, understanding the circumstances that lead to aggressive behavior is important. Awareness and caution are necessary around these large animals.
How Often Cow Incidents Occur
Cow-related incidents result in injuries and fatalities each year. In the United States, data from 2003 to 2008 indicated that approximately 20 to 22 people were killed annually by cows. Blunt force trauma from kicking or trampling was the most frequent cause of death. Most victims were farmworkers. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) investigated 142 cow-related incidents in the US between 2015 and 2020.
In the United Kingdom, four to five people die annually in cattle-related accidents, with 74 fatal attacks recorded since 2000. About a quarter of these deaths involved members of the public using footpaths. More recent figures show cattle caused 22 deaths in England, Scotland, and Wales between 2019 and 2023. Beyond fatalities, numerous non-fatal incidents occur, including fractures, lacerations, punctured lungs, and severe bruising.
Why Cows Behave Aggressively
Cows exhibit aggressive behavior, often as a defensive response rather than an unprovoked attack. A primary factor is maternal instinct, particularly when cows have young calves. Mother cows become highly protective, viewing humans or dogs as potential predators. This instinct is particularly strong immediately after calving.
Fear and stress also play a significant role in cattle aggression. Cows can be startled by sudden movements, loud noises, or unfamiliar objects, leading them to react defensively. Changes in their environment, such as new handlers or limited space, can induce stress. The presence of dogs can trigger aggressive behavior, as dogs resemble predators. Hormonal changes, particularly during the breeding season, can also increase aggression in both cows and bulls.
Staying Safe Around Cattle
When encountering cattle, maintaining a safe distance is important. Avoid walking directly through a herd, especially if calves are present, and never position yourself between a cow and its calf. If you have a dog, keep it on a leash to prevent startling or provoking the cattle. If a cow appears threatening, releasing the dog may be the safest option for both of you.
To avoid startling cows, make your presence known by speaking calmly and avoiding sudden movements or loud noises as you approach. Cows have a wide field of vision but poor depth perception, so avoid approaching from their blind spots. In a field with cattle, identify potential escape routes, such as sturdy fences or trees, before proceeding. If a cow begins to show signs of aggression, such as pawing the ground or lowering its head, remain calm. Face the animal and slowly back away without turning your back or running, as running can trigger a chase response.