Swimmer’s ear, medically known as otitis externa, is an infection affecting the outer ear canal. This common condition primarily occurs when water becomes trapped in the ear canal, creating a warm, moist environment conducive to the growth of bacteria or, less commonly, fungi. While often associated with swimming, any activity that introduces moisture or causes minor abrasions to the delicate skin lining the ear canal can lead to this infection. Ear drops are frequently used to treat otitis externa, targeting the infection and alleviating discomfort.
Types of Ear Drops for Swimmer’s Ear
Treatment for swimmer’s ear often involves specific ear drops, which vary based on the infection’s nature and severity. Over-the-counter (OTC) options typically include drying agents, such as those containing isopropyl alcohol and glycerin, or acidic solutions like white vinegar and rubbing alcohol. These solutions work by helping to evaporate residual water and creating an environment less favorable for microbial growth.
For more established infections, healthcare providers usually prescribe medicated ear drops. These often contain antibiotics to combat bacterial infections, such as ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, sometimes combined with corticosteroids like dexamethasone or hydrocortisone. The corticosteroid component helps to reduce inflammation, swelling, and pain within the ear canal. Antifungal ear drops may be prescribed if a fungal infection is identified as the cause.
Applying Ear Drops and Retention Time
Proper application of ear drops is important for effective treatment of swimmer’s ear. Begin by gently warming the ear drop bottle by holding it in your hands for a few minutes, as cold drops can cause temporary dizziness. Lie down with the affected ear facing upward, which allows gravity to assist in distributing the medication. For adults, gently pull the outer earlobe upward and backward; for children, pull it gently downward and backward to help straighten the ear canal.
Instill the prescribed number of drops into the ear canal, ensuring enough liquid enters to fill the canal. After administering the drops, remain in the lying position for three to five minutes to allow the medication to fully penetrate the ear canal. Gently wiggling the outer ear or pressing the small cartilage flap in front of the ear (tragus) can help distribute the drops more effectively. Some sources suggest placing a cotton ball lightly coated with petroleum jelly at the ear canal opening to prevent water entry during bathing, but a healthcare provider’s guidance should be followed if considering this for retaining drops. A course of ear drops for swimmer’s ear lasts between seven to ten days, even if symptoms begin to improve sooner.
When to Consult a Doctor
While many cases of swimmer’s ear respond well to ear drops, certain symptoms indicate a need for medical attention. Seek professional advice if ear pain persists or worsens, you develop a fever, or notice thick, discolored, or foul-smelling discharge from the ear. Reduced or muffled hearing that does not improve, or if symptoms show no signs of improvement after two to three days of home treatment, warrants a doctor’s visit.
It is also important to consider specific ear conditions before using ear drops. If you suspect or know you have a perforated (torn) eardrum, avoid using most ear drops without consulting a doctor. Certain ear drops, particularly those containing aminoglycosides, can potentially cause damage to the inner ear if the eardrum is not intact. Ofloxacin otic solution is generally considered a safer option for use with a perforated eardrum, but always confirm with a healthcare professional.
Preventing Swimmer’s Ear
Taking proactive steps can reduce the likelihood of developing swimmer’s ear. After swimming or showering, thoroughly dry your ears by tilting your head to each side to help water drain out. Gently wiping the outer ear with a soft towel is effective, and a blow dryer on the lowest, cool setting held several inches away can also assist in drying the ear canal.
Consider using earplugs or a swim cap to minimize water entry into the ear canal during water activities. Avoid inserting cotton swabs, fingers, or any other objects into the ear canal, as this can damage the delicate skin and remove protective earwax, increasing the risk of infection. For individuals prone to swimmer’s ear, using over-the-counter drying ear drops after water exposure can help, but these should not be used if a perforated eardrum is present.