Proper hand hygiene is a standardized technique that relies on both the chemical action of soap and the mechanical action of friction to remove transient microbial flora from the skin. This process ensures the physical removal of pathogens, which is the primary goal of preventing the transmission of infectious diseases. Understanding the required duration and specific technique elevates handwashing from a quick splash of water to a deliberate public health measure.
The Official Duration of Proper Handwashing
The time dedicated to hand hygiene is directly linked to its effectiveness in reducing the microbial load. Major health organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), define the minimum time required for the process. While the entire handwashing process—from wetting to drying—should generally take between 40 and 60 seconds, the most critical phase has a specific minimum duration.
The scientific consensus dictates that the active scrubbing and lathering phase must last for at least 20 seconds. This is the period during which the soap and friction work together to physically lift and detach microorganisms from the skin’s surface. Shorter scrubbing times are significantly less effective, as they do not allow enough contact time or friction to cover all surface areas thoroughly.
Detailed Breakdown of the Necessary Steps
The duration of proper handwashing is justified by the series of mechanical actions that must be completed effectively. The process begins by wetting the hands under clean, running water and applying enough soap to generate a rich lather. Generating a good lather is necessary because the soap molecules help to emulsify oils and lift dirt and microbes from the skin.
Once lathered, the 20-second scrubbing phase begins. The technique requires specific actions to ensure all surfaces are covered:
- Rub the palms together to distribute the soap.
- Rub the palm of one hand over the back of the other, interlocking the fingers, and then reverse the action.
- Rub the palms together again with fingers interlaced, targeting the inner surfaces of the fingers.
- Clasp one thumb with the opposite hand and rub in a rotational motion, then repeat for the other thumb.
- Perform rotational rubbing of the fingertips in the opposite palm to clean the areas under the fingernails.
After the scrubbing phase is complete, the hands must be rinsed thoroughly under clean, running water. Rinsing must continue until all traces of soap residue are washed away, as any remaining soap can cause skin irritation or harbor germs. The final step is to dry the hands completely using a clean towel or an air dryer. Drying is an often overlooked aspect of the total process, but it is necessary because wet hands transfer bacteria more easily than dry hands, which can quickly recontaminate the skin.
Why People Fail to Meet the Time and Standards
Many people fall short of the proper handwashing standard due to a lack of awareness regarding the necessary duration and technique. The most common failure is stopping the scrubbing phase prematurely, often washing for only five to ten seconds instead of the required twenty. This shortened time frame prevents the soap and friction from adequately disrupting and removing the microbial layer.
Another frequent failure involves neglecting specific high-risk areas during the scrubbing process. The backs of the hands, the thumbs, and the areas under the fingernails are often missed entirely or given only a cursory rub. These crevices provide sheltered environments where pathogens can remain untouched.
Inadequate rinsing is also a common error, leaving behind soap film that can attract contaminants. Furthermore, many people skip the drying step or use an unclean method, such as wiping their hands on clothing. Failing to dry hands completely negates the effectiveness of the entire wash, as moisture facilitates the transfer of microorganisms.