A chipped tooth often causes sensitivity because the protective outer layer has been compromised, leaving inner, vulnerable structures exposed. The duration of this discomfort varies greatly and depends entirely on the depth of the damage. For a tiny chip, the sensitivity might be fleeting and manageable, but a deeper fracture can lead to persistent, intense pain that requires prompt professional attention.
The Cause of Tooth Sensitivity
A tooth is composed of three main layers: the enamel, the dentin, and the pulp. Sensitivity begins when the outermost layer is breached. Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, serving as a durable shield for the interior structures. When a chip occurs, the enamel is lost, exposing the underlying dentin layer.
The dentin is a porous layer containing millions of microscopic tunnels called dentinal tubules. These channels are filled with fluid and lead directly to the pulp, the innermost chamber housing the tooth’s nerves and blood vessels. When the dentin is exposed, stimuli like hot or cold temperatures, pressure, or air create rapid fluid movement within these tubules. This movement activates the nerves in the pulp, which the brain registers as the sharp pain known as tooth sensitivity.
If the chip is severe enough to reach the pulp, the nerve tissue can be exposed, leading to immediate, sharp, and intense pain. This damage means the tooth is experiencing inflammation or potential infection. The discomfort can become constant and throbbing, signaling a dental emergency that will not resolve on its own.
Factors Determining How Long Sensitivity Lasts
Sensitivity duration relates directly to the extent of structural damage and how much dentin is exposed. If the chip is small and only affects the outer enamel, sensitivity may be mild and diminish over a few days or weeks. Since the tooth structure cannot regenerate, the physical damage remains. The risk of recurring sensitivity persists until the chip is professionally repaired.
When the chip exposes a significant portion of the dentin, sensitivity becomes more pronounced and lasts indefinitely until a dentist seals the exposed surface. This hypersensitivity is often triggered by temperature extremes, such as drinking hot coffee or biting into ice cream. The location of the chip also influences the pain level, with damage near the gumline or on a biting surface often causing a more intense reaction.
Constant, unprovoked pain, especially a throbbing sensation, suggests sensitivity will not fade. This discomfort suggests the trauma has caused inflammation or irreversible damage to the pulp, possibly leading to infection. The tooth will remain sensitive and painful until definitive treatment, such as a root canal, is performed to remove the damaged nerve tissue. Ignoring this pain can lead to complications like a dental abscess or bone loss.
Immediate Steps for Managing Pain and Protecting the Tooth
While waiting for a dental appointment, temporary measures can help manage immediate pain and protect the damaged tooth structure. Rinse the mouth with warm water to clean the area and remove any debris that could cause irritation. Avoid using water that is too hot or too cold, as temperature extremes can aggravate the exposed dentin.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, are effective for managing discomfort and reducing inflammation. To protect the soft tissues of the mouth, cover any jagged or sharp edge on the chipped tooth. This is accomplished by placing a small piece of dental wax or sugarless chewing gum over the rough area to prevent cutting the tongue or cheek.
Dietary adjustments are important for temporary relief. Avoid hard, crunchy, or sticky foods that could cause further breakage. Limiting highly acidic foods and sugary items is also recommended, as these can irritate the exposed dentin. These actions minimize irritation until a dental professional can provide a permanent repair.
Permanent Dental Solutions for Chipped Teeth
The definitive way to resolve sensitivity and restore function is through professional dental intervention, with treatment based on the depth of the chip. For a minor chip involving only the enamel or a small amount of dentin, the most common solution is dental bonding. This procedure uses a tooth-colored composite resin material that is applied, sculpted to match the original shape, and then hardened with a specialized light.
If the damage is more extensive, particularly on a front tooth, a dental veneer may be recommended. A veneer is a thin, custom-made shell of porcelain or composite material that covers the entire front surface of the tooth, offering a durable and aesthetic restoration.
For a chip that involves a large portion of the tooth structure, a dental crown, often referred to as a cap, provides the necessary protection. The crown fits completely over the remaining tooth, strengthening it and preventing any further fracture.
When the fracture reaches the inner pulp, causing infection or irreversible nerve damage, a root canal is required before restoration. Root canal therapy involves removing the damaged nerve and blood vessel tissue, disinfecting the area, and sealing it. Afterward, a crown is placed over the tooth to protect the weakened structure and finalize the repair.