Sunburn results from overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. It indicates damage to the skin’s cells. Peeling and discoloration are common, visible signs of the body’s healing process as it attempts to repair this damage.
Why Skin Peels and Discolors
UV radiation damages skin cells, particularly those in the outermost layer. When damage is severe, the body initiates programmed cell death (apoptosis) to eliminate compromised cells. This shedding makes way for new, healthy ones, causing skin to peel.
Discoloration, such as redness and tanning, occurs due to the body’s response to UV exposure. Redness (erythema) is an inflammatory response where increased blood flow causes the skin to appear red and feel warm. Tanning involves increased melanin production. Melanin is a pigment that absorbs UV light, acting as a natural protective mechanism. The skin produces more melanin to shield itself from further harm.
How Long Peeling and Discoloration Last
The duration of peeling and discoloration from a sunburn depends on several factors, including the severity of the burn, individual skin type, and how the sunburn is managed. Redness typically appears within a few hours of sun exposure, often peaking around 12 to 24 hours later. For mild burns, this redness usually fades within 3 to 7 days. More severe burns can cause redness that persists longer.
Peeling generally begins 3 to 7 days after the initial burn. This process can last several days to a week, or up to two weeks for significant burns, as the body sheds damaged outer skin layers. Tanning, a discoloration from increased melanin, can last weeks or months as pigmented cells gradually replace themselves. Sun-induced hyperpigmentation (dark spots) can also linger for months or longer if not addressed.
Caring for Sunburned Skin
Managing sunburn symptoms can help alleviate discomfort and support the healing process. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water is important, as sunburn can draw fluid away from other parts of the body. Applying cool compresses or taking cool baths can help soothe the skin and reduce pain. After cooling, apply moisturizers containing aloe vera or soy to provide comfort and reduce dryness. Avoid products with alcohol, as they can further dry the skin.
Allowing skin to peel naturally is crucial; resist picking or pulling. Prematurely removing peeling skin can slow healing and increase infection or scarring risk. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help manage pain and reduce inflammation. Protecting the affected skin from further sun exposure while it heals is important.
When to Consult a Doctor
While most sunburns can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. Seek professional care for severe blistering, especially if blisters cover a large area or appear on sensitive areas like the face, hands, or genitals. Signs of infection, such as pus from blisters, increased pain, or red streaks, require immediate evaluation.
Other concerning symptoms include a high fever (over 102°F or 39°C), chills, severe pain that doesn’t improve with home remedies, or signs of dehydration like dizziness, weakness, or reduced urination. If you experience confusion, fainting, or if a baby younger than one year old has a sunburn, seek medical consultation.
Avoiding Future Sunburns
Preventing sunburn is the most effective way to protect skin health. Consistent use of broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher is recommended. Apply liberally to all exposed skin and reapply at least every two hours, or more frequently after swimming or sweating.
Wearing protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and wide-brimmed hats, provides a physical barrier against UV rays. Seeking shade, especially during peak UV hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., significantly reduces exposure. Be aware of reflective surfaces like water, sand, and snow, which can intensify UV exposure.