Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, known as gastroenteritis. Often mistakenly called the “stomach flu,” it is not related to the influenza virus. Norovirus is a common illness, affecting millions globally each year, with over 200 million cases in children. The virus spreads easily through tiny particles of vomit or feces from an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching one’s mouth. This makes it a particular concern for infants and young children, who can easily pick up the virus in environments like childcare centers.
Norovirus Symptoms in Babies
Norovirus symptoms in babies typically appear suddenly, usually within 12 to 48 hours after exposure. Common signs include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain or cramps. Vomiting can be frequent and forceful, and diarrhea is often watery. Babies might also experience a low-grade fever, headache, body aches, and fussiness. These symptoms occur as the virus inflames the stomach and intestines, prompting the body to expel pathogens, which can lead to significant fluid loss.
How Long Norovirus Typically Lasts in Babies
Norovirus symptoms in babies typically last one to three days. While most infants recover within this timeframe, the duration can extend longer in very young children, especially those under two years of age. Factors influencing symptom duration include age, immune system strength, and the specific norovirus strain. Despite symptoms resolving, infected babies can continue to shed the virus in their stool for days or even weeks, posing an ongoing transmission risk. Studies show infants, particularly those under six months, can shed the virus for a median of 16 days, with some cases lasting up to 47 days.
Caring for a Baby with Norovirus
Caring for a baby with norovirus focuses on managing symptoms and preventing dehydration, a significant risk due to vomiting and diarrhea. Offer small, frequent sips of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) like Pedialyte to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Breastfed babies should continue nursing, possibly more frequently and for shorter durations. Formula-fed babies can be given small amounts of their usual formula alongside ORS.
Comfort measures include plenty of rest and managing fever with appropriate infant-specific medications, if recommended by a healthcare provider. Maintaining strict hygiene, such as frequent handwashing after diaper changes, is important to prevent the virus from spreading to others in the household.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Parents should seek medical attention if their baby shows signs of severe dehydration, such as decreased urination (fewer wet diapers than usual), dry mouth and throat, crying without tears, or unusual sleepiness and fussiness. Other concerning symptoms that require medical evaluation include a high fever (over 102°F or 38.9°C), persistent vomiting or diarrhea lasting more than two to three days, severe stomach pain, or any blood in vomit or stool. Newborns and infants with underlying chronic illnesses are at higher risk for severe illness and need prompt medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen.
Preventing Norovirus in Babies
Preventing norovirus in babies involves rigorous hygiene practices, as the virus can survive on surfaces for days. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is the most effective measure, especially after diaper changes, using the toilet, and before preparing food or feeding. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not as effective against norovirus and should not be used as a substitute for washing hands with soap and water.
Cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces are important steps. This includes frequently touched items like doorknobs, light switches, and countertops. Use a solution of household bleach (5 to 25 tablespoons per gallon of water) or an EPA-registered disinfectant effective against norovirus, allowing for sufficient contact time before wiping. Soiled clothing and linens should be immediately removed, handled with gloves, and washed in hot water with detergent at the maximum available cycle length, then machine-dried at the highest heat setting. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and preventing them from preparing food or caring for others for at least 48 hours after symptoms resolve can further reduce transmission risk.