Ticks are widespread arachnids found in outdoor environments. A common question is whether drowning is an effective way to eliminate these resilient pests. Despite their small size, ticks possess surprising adaptations that allow them to survive extended periods underwater, making simple submersion an often ineffective approach.
Tick Physiology and Submersion
Ticks possess a specialized respiratory system that allows them to endure periods of submersion. They respire through tiny external openings called spiracles, located along their bodies. These spiracles connect to a network of internal tubes, known as tracheae, which transport oxygen directly to their tissues. When submerged, ticks can effectively seal these spiracles, preventing water from entering.
Their ability to seal their breathing holes is complemented by their extremely low metabolic rate. Ticks can significantly reduce their oxygen consumption, allowing them to remain in a state of low activity while underwater. Some species also utilize plastron respiration, where a thin layer of air is trapped by hydrophobic hairs on their bodies. This trapped air acts like a physical gill, enabling the tick to absorb dissolved oxygen directly from the surrounding water.
How Long Ticks Survive Submerged
The duration a tick can survive underwater varies considerably, often much longer than anticipated. Many tick species can survive submersion for at least 48 to 72 hours. For example, American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) can survive underwater for up to 15 days. Deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis) have been observed to survive for two to three days when submerged.
Some species exhibit even more remarkable resilience. The Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is particularly robust, capable of surviving up to 70 days in freshwater conditions. This significant variation in survival times highlights that simply placing a tick in water is generally not a quick or effective way to kill it.
Variables Affecting Submersion Survival
Several factors influence how long a tick can survive when submerged. Water temperature plays a role; extremely hot water (above 130°F or 54°C) significantly reduces survival rates. Colder water, however, can slow down a tick’s metabolism, potentially extending its survival time.
Substances like soap might interfere with a tick’s ability to maintain its plastron or seal its spiracles by reducing surface tension. While some sources suggest soap can help, studies indicate that soap has little immediate effect on a tick’s responsiveness when submerged. Additionally, the tick’s species and life stage (e.g., nymph versus adult) greatly affect its resistance to drowning, with some species and older life stages showing greater endurance.
Recommended Tick Disposal Methods
Given the prolonged survival of ticks in water, simple drowning is not a practical or recommended disposal method. Several reliable alternatives ensure a tick is effectively neutralized after removal. One common method is to seal the tick tightly within several layers of tape, such as clear packing tape, to prevent escape. Placing the tick in a sealed container, such as a zip-top bag, also effectively contains it.
Another widely accepted method is to place the tick in rubbing alcohol. The alcohol quickly dehydrates and kills the tick, making it a fast and efficient option.
Flushing a tick down the toilet is also considered a safe disposal method, as they cannot swim and will be carried away by the water flow. It is important to avoid crushing a tick with your fingers, as this can expose you to potential pathogens.