High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a common condition characterized by consistently elevated force of blood against artery walls. This sustained pressure can damage blood vessels and lead to various health problems. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has impacted many bodily systems beyond respiratory symptoms.
COVID-19’s Impact on Blood Pressure
Evidence suggests a connection between COVID-19 infection and changes in blood pressure, including new or worsened hypertension. The virus triggers widespread inflammation, which plays a role in blood pressure regulation. This inflammatory response may contribute to hypertension by affecting microcirculation and activating endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus interacts with ACE2 receptors in the heart and blood vessels, involved in blood pressure control. This interaction can dysregulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a hormonal system central to blood pressure regulation. Stress from severe illness or the pandemic can also elevate blood pressure. Certain COVID-19 medications, like corticosteroids, may temporarily influence blood pressure levels.
Typical Duration of Post-COVID Hypertension
The duration of elevated blood pressure after COVID-19 varies considerably. While some studies indicate it persists for days or weeks after acute infection, research suggests these effects can last much longer for many individuals.
A 2023 study found new-onset high blood pressure in 20.6% of hospitalized and 10.85% of non-hospitalized individuals at a 6-month follow-up. Another study revealed participants recovering from COVID-19 experienced increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure 12 months after infection. This indicates elevated blood pressure can endure for several months, potentially leading to chronic hypertension.
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Recovery
Several factors influence how long high blood pressure persists after COVID-19. Individuals with pre-existing conditions, such as hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases, may experience more prolonged or exacerbated elevation. The severity of the COVID-19 infection also plays a role; those with severe illness requiring hospitalization appear at higher risk for persistent hypertension.
Age is another influencing factor, with older adults showing an elevated risk of new-onset high blood pressure post-COVID. The presence of long COVID symptoms, including prolonged inflammation or autonomic nervous system dysfunction, may also contribute to sustained blood pressure changes. Lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity can also impede blood pressure recovery. Gender may also play a role, with some research suggesting women might experience accelerated vascular aging post-COVID due to their immune response.
Monitoring and Managing Blood Pressure Post-COVID
Regular blood pressure monitoring is important for individuals recovered from COVID-19, given the potential for persistent elevation. Home blood pressure monitoring is a reliable method for tracking readings and detecting new or worsening hypertension early. Take readings at consistent times, such as in the morning before medication or food, and in the evening before bedtime.
Individuals should seek medical attention for consistently high readings or symptoms like headaches, dizziness, or chest pain. Healthcare professionals can provide personalized guidance and determine if medical intervention, such as medication, is necessary. Lifestyle modifications are integral to managing blood pressure, including a heart-healthy, low-salt diet, regular physical activity, stress management, moderate weight, and avoiding smoking.