Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection primarily affecting infants and young children. It causes sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands, feet, and sometimes other body areas. The illness is caused by enteroviruses, such as coxsackieviruses.
Typical Duration and Influencing Factors
Symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease generally resolve within 7 to 10 days. The specific virus strain influences this duration. For instance, Coxsackievirus A16 infections are often mild, while Enterovirus 71 may lead to more severe symptoms and a longer recovery.
An individual’s immune response also plays a role in recovery speed. Younger children, with developing immune systems, might experience symptoms for the full duration or longer than older children or adults.
Symptom Progression and Resolution
Initial symptoms often include fever, reduced appetite, and malaise. These signs typically appear one or two days before the characteristic rash and mouth sores develop. Painful sores emerge in the mouth, usually on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks, within a day or two of the fever.
A skin rash typically appears on the palms, soles, and sometimes buttocks. This rash often presents as flat red spots, which may blister. As the illness progresses, fever usually subsides first, followed by healing mouth sores. The skin rash then fades over several days, though blisters may scab before disappearing.
Contagious Period and Preventing Spread
Individuals are most contagious during the first week of illness, especially when fever is present and fresh blisters are visible. The viruses are found in nasal secretions, saliva, blister fluid, and stool. Even after symptoms resolve, the virus can shed in stool for several weeks.
To prevent spread, frequent handwashing with soap and water is important, especially after diaper changes or toilet use. Disinfecting contaminated surfaces and avoiding close contact, like hugging or sharing utensils, also reduces transmission. Keeping affected individuals home from school or daycare until they are fever-free and feeling well is recommended.
Comfort Measures and When to Consult a Doctor
Managing symptoms at home focuses on providing comfort and ensuring hydration. Pain and fever can be managed with over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Offering soft foods and cool liquids helps alleviate discomfort from mouth sores, while acidic or spicy foods should be avoided. Staying hydrated is important, as painful mouth sores can make drinking difficult.
A healthcare provider should be consulted if symptoms are severe or do not improve after the expected duration. Seek medical attention for:
High or prolonged fever
Reduced urination or other signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth
Severe mouth pain preventing eating or drinking
Unusual drowsiness, a stiff neck, or a severe headache