Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are germs resistant to many common antibiotics, making their infections challenging to treat. These bacteria can persist on various surfaces for significant periods. Understanding their survival outside a host and influencing factors is important for preventing their spread and protecting public health.
What is ESBL?
ESBL stands for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, referring to enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes enable bacteria to break down and neutralize many common antibiotics, especially beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. This resistance makes standard antibiotic treatments ineffective against ESBL infections. Consequently, these infections are harder to treat, often requiring different or intravenous antibiotics. ESBL-producing bacteria are commonly found in the bowel and can cause various infections, including urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections.
How Long ESBL Lives on Surfaces
ESBL-producing bacteria can survive on inanimate surfaces for varying durations, typically ranging from days to weeks, and in some cases, even months. For example, studies have shown ESBL-producing E. coli can remain viable on dry surfaces for up to 70 days. This extended survival underscores the importance of environmental cleaning in infection control.
Several factors influence how long ESBL bacteria can persist on surfaces. The type of surface plays a role, with studies showing survival on materials like hospital fabrics and plastic for up to 15 days. Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect survival; lower temperatures and higher humidity can contribute to longer persistence. The presence of organic material, such as proteins or bodily fluids, also enhances bacterial survival by providing nutrients and a protective environment.
Reducing ESBL Spread from Surfaces
Preventing the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria from surfaces involves consistent application of good hygiene practices. Regular cleaning of frequently touched surfaces with appropriate disinfectants is a primary step in reducing environmental contamination. Always read and follow disinfectant label directions, especially regarding contact time, the duration the surface must remain wet for effectiveness. For general household use, a fresh solution of one tablespoon of bleach per quart of water can be prepared daily for effective disinfection.
Diligent hand hygiene is also important for preventing ESBL transmission. Washing hands thoroughly with soap and running water for at least 15 to 20 seconds, ensuring all areas including under nails and between fingers are cleaned, is highly effective. When soap and water are unavailable, alcohol-based hand rubs containing 70-90% ethanol or isopropyl alcohol can be used. Apply enough to cover all hand surfaces and rub until dry. These practices are important for everyone, especially after using the bathroom, before eating, and after touching shared items or surfaces. Avoiding the sharing of personal items like towels and razors also helps minimize potential transmission.