Croup is a common respiratory illness that primarily affects young children, typically between 6 months and 3 years of age, though it can occur in older children. This condition involves a viral infection that causes swelling and irritation in the upper airway, specifically the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). The narrowing of these air passages makes breathing more difficult and leads to characteristic symptoms.
Croup’s Expected Duration
Croup typically lasts a short period, with symptoms lasting about 3 to 7 days. The most intense symptoms, including the distinctive barking cough and high-pitched breathing sounds, usually peak around the second or third day. Symptoms often worsen at night. While the acute phase is brief, a mild, lingering cough might persist for up to two weeks. The duration can vary based on the severity of the illness, with milder cases often resolving more quickly.
Key Symptoms to Observe
Recognizing croup often begins with its unique sound. A hallmark symptom is a harsh, barking cough, frequently compared to the sound of a seal. This distinctive cough is a direct result of air passing through the swollen vocal cords and narrowed windpipe. Children with croup may also develop hoarseness in their voice or cry due to the inflammation affecting the larynx.
Another symptom is stridor, a high-pitched, squeaky, or raspy sound when the child inhales. Stridor occurs because the swollen upper airway restricts airflow during inspiration. Symptoms typically develop after initial cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose or fever.
Comfort Measures at Home
For mild to moderate croup, several comfort measures can alleviate symptoms at home. Maintaining a calm environment is helpful, as crying can worsen breathing difficulties. Encouraging fluids is important for hydration. Elevating the child’s head during sleep, such as with an extra pillow for older children, can assist with breathing.
Introducing moist air can offer relief; this can be done by using a cool mist humidifier in the child’s room or by sitting with the child in a bathroom filled with steam from a hot shower. Exposure to cool night air, by briefly taking the child outside or having them stand in front of an open freezer, can help reduce airway swelling. Over-the-counter fever-reducing medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, may be given if the child has a fever.
When Medical Attention is Needed
While most croup cases are mild and manageable at home, recognize signs indicating immediate medical attention. Seek urgent care if the child experiences difficulty breathing, characterized by struggling for breath, very rapid breathing, or visible retractions (skin pulling in around ribs or neck with each breath). Persistent stridor, even when the child is calm or resting, is also a warning sign.
Other serious indicators include a bluish tint to the lips or skin, excessive drooling, or difficulty swallowing. If the child becomes unusually sleepy, lethargic, unresponsive, or agitated, professional medical evaluation is necessary. Contact a healthcare provider if concerned about the child’s condition or if symptoms worsen despite home care.