Shigella is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the digestive system, caused by bacteria within the Shigella genus. This illness, known as shigellosis, is characterized by symptoms that arise when the bacteria multiply within the intestines.
Typical Course of Illness
Symptoms of shigellosis begin within one to two days after exposure to the bacteria. The illness causes diarrhea, which can be watery, bloody, or contain mucus. Other symptoms include fever, stomach pain, and abdominal cramps. Nausea and vomiting may also occur.
Shigellosis is a self-limiting illness, resolving on its own without specific medical treatment. The typical duration of symptoms ranges from five to seven days. Symptoms might persist for a few days longer, or up to several weeks in severe cases. Even after symptoms subside, it can take several months for bowel habits to return completely to normal.
Period of Contagiousness
Infected individuals can spread Shigella beyond the resolution of their symptoms. While symptoms last about a week, bacteria can remain in the stool for up to a few weeks, or longer in children. Some individuals may carry the bacteria and be contagious without showing any symptoms themselves.
This extended shedding period highlights the importance of strict hygiene to prevent transmission. Even a tiny amount of infected stool can spread the infection. Effective handwashing is therefore a primary measure in limiting the spread of Shigella.
Factors Influencing Recovery Time
Several factors can influence how long a Shigella infection lasts and its severity. Age plays a role, as very young children and elderly individuals often experience more severe or prolonged illness. Their immune systems may be less equipped to fight the infection, potentially leading to complications like dehydration. Overall health and immune status also affect recovery; people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or undergoing chemotherapy, are more likely to have a longer, more severe illness.
The specific strain of Shigella bacteria involved can also impact the duration and intensity of the infection. Shigella sonnei causes a milder, shorter illness compared to other strains. Conversely, Shigella dysenteriae is associated with more severe disease and complications. The infectious dose, or the number of bacteria ingested, can also influence the time until symptoms appear.
Managing Symptoms and Preventing Spread
Managing shigellosis primarily involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Maintaining proper hydration is important, as diarrhea can lead to fluid loss and dehydration. Drinking plenty of fluids, including electrolyte solutions, is advised to replace lost water and salts. Medications that slow bowel function, such as loperamide, are not recommended as they can prolong the presence of bacteria and worsen the condition.
To prevent the spread of Shigella, rigorous hand hygiene is necessary. Hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. Individuals with shigellosis should avoid preparing food for others while ill and for at least two weeks after symptoms resolve. Contaminated surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
Avoid swimming in public pools, lakes, or ponds if experiencing diarrhea. Refrain from sexual activity until symptoms have fully resolved, and in some cases, for several weeks afterward, as bacteria can still be shed. Children with diarrhea should be kept home from daycare or school until their symptoms have ceased.