A duck egg takes around 28 days to hatch, from the start of incubation until the duckling emerges. Successful hatching relies on specific environmental factors that support embryonic development.
The Incubation Period
The incubation period for most domestic duck breeds, such as Pekin, Rouen, and Khaki Campbell, is 28 days. This duration begins once eggs are consistently maintained at the proper incubation temperature, whether by a broody duck or an artificial incubator. Some variation can occur based on breed, genetics, and incubation conditions.
Muscovy duck eggs require a longer incubation period, hatching around 35 days, due to their larger size. Call duck eggs may hatch slightly faster, sometimes around 26 days.
Factors for Successful Hatching
Specific environmental conditions are essential for successful duck egg incubation. Temperature control is key, with an ideal range between 99.3°F and 99.6°F (37.4°C to 37.6°C) for most of the incubation period. Consistent temperature is necessary, as fluctuations over 1°F (0.5°C) can negatively affect embryonic development. A slight temperature reduction to 98.5°F (36.9°C) is recommended during the last few days before hatching.
Humidity levels are important for preventing dehydration and aiding the hatching process. For the first 25 days, relative humidity should be maintained between 50% and 60%. This ensures proper moisture loss from the egg, necessary for the air cell to expand. During the final three days, often called “lockdown,” humidity should increase to 65-75% or even 80-82% to soften shell membranes and facilitate emergence.
Regular turning of eggs is important for healthy embryonic development. Eggs should be turned at least three to five times daily, ideally by rotating them 180 degrees. This prevents the embryo from sticking to shell membranes and helps distribute nutrients evenly. Turning should continue until about day 25 of incubation, when ducklings begin positioning for hatching.
Adequate ventilation within the incubator is also necessary. Embryos require a constant oxygen supply and must expel carbon dioxide as they develop. Proper air exchange maintains optimal oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, preventing harmful gas buildup. Most modern incubators offer sufficient ventilation, but ensure vents are open as recommended by the manufacturer.
Signs of Hatching and Post-Hatch Care
As hatching approaches, several signs indicate the duckling’s progress. The first is “pipping,” where the duckling creates a small crack or hole in the shell, typically near the blunt end where the air cell is located. This initial pip allows the duckling to access fresh air and begin pulmonary respiration. After pipping, the duckling may rest for several hours, sometimes up to 48 hours, absorbing the remaining yolk sac and strengthening.
Following pipping, the duckling begins “zipping,” cutting a circular crack around the inside of the shell with its egg tooth. The duckling then pushes off the “cap” of the shell to emerge. It is best not to interfere with the hatching process unless the duckling is clearly struggling for an extended period, as premature assistance can cause harm.
Once a duckling has fully hatched, leave it in the incubator or a warm, safe place to dry and fluff up. This drying period, which can last up to 24 hours, allows the duckling to fully absorb any remaining yolk and strengthen its legs. After drying, move ducklings to a brooder with a heat source, maintaining approximately 90-92°F (32-33°C) for the first few days, gradually reducing it by about 5°F (3°C) each week.
Fresh, clean water should always be available in a container deep enough for them to submerge their bills, which helps clear their nostrils. For food, unmedicated waterfowl starter crumbs or chick crumbs are suitable, as medicated feeds can be harmful. Ducklings should have continuous access to food and water.