A common cold is a frequent viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, often caused by rhinoviruses, and remains one of the most common illnesses experienced during pregnancy. The physical changes and immune system adjustments that occur while expecting can make the typical symptoms of a cold feel especially burdensome. Understanding the expected timeline and knowing which relief strategies are safe are primary concerns for pregnant individuals. While the cold itself is generally not dangerous to the developing baby, navigating treatment options requires specific attention to safety.
Expected Duration and Why Colds May Feel Worse
The typical duration for a common cold in any adult is approximately seven to ten days, and pregnancy does not fundamentally change the virus lifecycle. However, some pregnant individuals may find that symptoms linger for a slightly extended period, sometimes up to 10 to 14 days. This perceived prolongation or increased severity is largely due to the body’s physiological adaptations during gestation.
The immune system undergoes mild suppression during pregnancy to prevent the mother’s body from rejecting the fetus. This temporary shift can make the pregnant individual more susceptible to viruses and may mean the body takes a few extra days to fully clear the infection. Hormonal fluctuations also cause increased blood volume and swelling of mucous membranes throughout the body.
This increased congestion is known as rhinitis of pregnancy, which exacerbates the stuffy nose and sinus pressure associated with a cold. The combination of a less responsive immune system and already swollen nasal passages can make a standard cold feel more severe. These symptoms compound the existing fatigue and discomfort of pregnancy, leading to the perception of a longer illness.
Safe Strategies for Symptom Relief
Finding relief for cold symptoms during pregnancy focuses heavily on non-pharmacological methods to minimize medication exposure. Rest is the most effective treatment, allowing the body to dedicate energy to fighting the infection. Staying well-hydrated with water, warm broth, and decaffeinated tea helps thin mucus secretions and prevent dehydration.
Simple home remedies provide symptomatic relief without risk. Using a cool-mist humidifier, especially at night, helps moisten the air and soothe irritated airways. Saline nasal sprays or nasal rinses, such as a neti pot, are safe options that flush out nasal passages and reduce congestion without systemic drug absorption. Gargling with warm salt water can temporarily alleviate sore throat pain and reduce inflammation.
When non-drug methods are insufficient, certain single-ingredient over-the-counter (OTC) medications are generally considered safe for temporary use. However, consulting a healthcare provider before taking any medication is advisable. Acetaminophen is the preferred choice for managing fever, headache, or body aches. The cough suppressant dextromethorphan is generally acceptable, as is the expectorant guaifenesin, which helps loosen chest congestion.
It is recommended to avoid combination cold and flu products, as they often contain multiple active ingredients that may be unnecessary or unsafe. Decongestants like pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine should be avoided, particularly during the first trimester, due to concerns about their vasoconstrictive properties. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen should also be avoided, especially in the third trimester.
Recognizing When to Contact a Healthcare Provider
While most common colds during pregnancy resolve without complication, certain symptoms signal a more serious condition requiring medical attention. A sustained fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher should prompt a call to a healthcare provider, as fever can pose a risk, particularly in the first trimester. This level of fever may indicate influenza or another bacterial infection requiring specific antiviral or antibiotic treatment.
Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or chest pain suggest the infection may be affecting the lower respiratory tract, possibly leading to pneumonia. Symptoms that worsen after the first week, or a cold that persists beyond 10 to 14 days, may indicate a secondary bacterial infection, such as a sinus infection or bronchitis. Severe or persistent vomiting or a noticeable decrease in fetal movement are also reasons to contact the provider immediately for assessment.