A breast biopsy is a common and quick procedure used to determine the nature of a breast abnormality. Recovery is generally rapid, especially for the core needle biopsy. While surgical or excisional biopsies require a longer healing period due to a larger incision, most people find the initial recovery phase lasts only a few days. Understanding the expected physical changes and stages of healing helps set clear expectations for returning to normal life.
The Immediate Aftermath of the Procedure
The initial 24 to 48 hours focus on managing discomfort and preventing bleeding. Once the local anesthetic wears off, localized soreness and a mild, dull ache are normal at the incision area. This discomfort is managed effectively with over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen. Anti-inflammatory medications like ibuprofen are typically avoided in the first few days to reduce bleeding risk.
Bruising (hematoma) is a common side effect because small blood vessels are disrupted during tissue sampling. To minimize swelling and bruising, a cold pack can be used for 10 to 15 minutes at a time during the first one to two days. You will leave with a sterile dressing over the biopsy site, which must remain clean and dry for the specified time, often 24 to 48 hours. Wearing a supportive, tight-fitting bra is recommended immediately after the procedure to help compress the area and further reduce swelling.
The Primary Healing Timeline
The most noticeable signs of healing, including pain and swelling, subside significantly within the first week. Bruising may become more apparent a few days after the procedure as blood spreads beneath the skin, but it typically fades entirely within seven days. For needle biopsies, the tiny incision is closed with adhesive strips (steri-strips) that fall off naturally within three to ten days.
Keeping the wound site clean is important during this primary healing phase. You can generally shower 24 hours after the procedure, allowing water to run gently over the site. Avoid soaking the site—such as bathing, swimming, or using a hot tub—for about one week to prevent infection until the external wound is fully closed. Tenderness progressively decreases, and most people report the worst pain is usually gone after the first couple of days.
Resuming Normal Activities and Managing Full Recovery
A full return to routine activities is phased, starting quickly with light tasks. Many people can resume desk work or light chores within one to two days. Avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activity for a longer period. Activities that strain the chest or involve vigorous arm movement, such as jogging, aerobic exercise, or lifting anything heavier than five pounds, are typically restricted for at least three to seven days.
For excisional or surgical biopsies, the recovery period is longer, often requiring avoidance of strenuous activity for two weeks to protect sutures and deeper tissues. Complete internal tissue healing and the formation of mature scar tissue takes several weeks, sometimes six to eight weeks. It is common to feel a firm, palpable area or internal lumpiness at the biopsy site for several weeks or months as the body reabsorbs the hematoma and the deeper tissue heals. In rare cases, mild nerve pain, felt as tingling or pins and needles, may persist for two to three months due to irritation from the procedure or a biopsy marker clip.
Differentiating Expected Symptoms from Complications
Most symptoms, such as mild pain, swelling, and bruising, are temporary and a normal part of the healing process. However, certain signs require immediate contact with a healthcare provider, as they may indicate a complication like infection or excessive bleeding. Report any increase in pain not relieved by medication, or pain that becomes sharp and throbbing.
Signs of infection include increased warmth, persistent or spreading redness around the site, or yellow or greenish pus draining from the incision. A fever above 101°F also indicates infection. Excessive bleeding, such as bright red blood soaking through the bandage quickly, or a sudden, unusual increase in breast size, could indicate a significant hematoma requiring medical attention.