Nabothian cysts are common, benign growths on the surface of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina. They develop when mucus-producing glands lining the cervix become covered by new skin cells, trapping mucus inside. This leads to the formation of smooth, rounded bumps. These cysts are generally harmless and often cause no symptoms.
Typical Duration and Resolution
Nabothian cysts often persist long-term and typically do not disappear on their own. They are considered a normal finding and usually remain stable in size. While small cysts might occasionally resolve, this is not the common outcome.
These cysts are filled with clear, light yellow, or amber mucus and can range from a few millimeters to 4 centimeters in diameter. Though usually persistent, a cyst might rarely rupture, releasing its mucus content. This can cause a temporary increase in vaginal discharge or a change in odor.
Due to their benign nature, Nabothian cysts usually do not require specific treatment. They pose no threat to health and are not associated with cervical cancer. Most individuals are unaware of them, as they are frequently discovered incidentally during routine pelvic examinations.
When Medical Attention is Needed
While Nabothian cysts are generally asymptomatic, certain signs indicate a need for medical evaluation. Persistent pelvic pain, especially a dull ache, warrants investigation. Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as spotting between periods or bleeding after intercourse, should also prompt a doctor’s visit.
Unusual vaginal discharge, especially with an odor, requires attention. Though rare, if a cyst grows unusually large and causes discomfort, fullness, or pressure in the pelvic area, medical consultation is advisable. These symptoms are not typical for benign Nabothian cysts and could indicate other conditions or complications.
Most Nabothian cysts are discovered during routine gynecological examinations, often during a Pap smear. Healthcare providers can usually identify them visually. Sometimes, further imaging like a vaginal ultrasound, MRI, or colposcopy may be used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other cervical issues, including a rare form of cancer called adenoma malignum.
Management and Treatment Options
Treatment for Nabothian cysts is generally not necessary unless they become symptomatic or interfere with cervical examinations. If intervention is required, procedures are typically minor and performed in an outpatient setting. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms or allow for a clear view of the cervix for screening purposes.
One common method is electrocautery, which uses an electric current to heat and destroy the cyst. Another option is cryotherapy, where liquid nitrogen freezes and removes the cyst tissue. These methods aim to open the blocked gland and release trapped mucus.
In some situations, a doctor might drain fluid from a large cyst using a needle, or perform surgical excision for particularly large or problematic cysts. These procedures are usually well-tolerated, with recovery typically occurring within a few days to a few weeks. The decision to treat is made individually, considering the cyst’s size, symptoms, and impact on cervical health monitoring.