Hummingbirds, with their iridescent plumage and rapid wingbeats, bring a unique vibrancy to Indiana’s landscapes. These tiny, acrobatic birds captivate observers as they dart between flowers, seeking nectar. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the only species that regularly nests in the Hoosier state.
Seasonal Presence of Hummingbirds in Indiana
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird typically begins its northward migration to Indiana in mid-April. Early arrivals appear in southern Indiana in early April, becoming widespread across the state by late April. They spend the spring and summer months breeding and raising their young.
As summer draws to a close, hummingbirds prepare for their long journey south to their wintering grounds in Mexico and Central America. Fall migration begins as early as late July for some, with peak departure throughout September, especially during the first two weeks.
While most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds depart by late September, stragglers and birds from northern regions can be observed through October, and sometimes later. Keeping feeders available until late October or early November can provide a vital resource for these late-season travelers. Occasionally, other western hummingbird species, such as Rufous hummingbirds, may also be sighted in Indiana during late autumn.
Factors Influencing Their Stay
Hummingbird migration is primarily influenced by changes in daylight hours, a natural cue for their migration. As days shorten in late summer and early fall, these birds instinctively prepare for their journey south. This ensures they begin their journey before food sources become too scarce.
Temperature fluctuations and the availability of food also play significant roles in determining migration timing. Colder nights and diminishing floral nectar signal the need to build fat reserves for their flight. Hummingbirds consume large quantities of nectar and small insects to gain the necessary energy for their journey.
Migration patterns also vary slightly based on the hummingbird’s age and sex. Male Ruby-throated Hummingbirds often initiate their southward migration a few days earlier than females. Juvenile birds, born during the summer, are typically the last to depart, relying solely on instinct for their first migration. Weather systems, such as tailwinds from cold fronts, can further assist their travel, allowing them to conserve energy.
Supporting Hummingbirds in Your Yard
Creating a welcoming environment for hummingbirds involves providing abundant food sources and a safe habitat. Planting native, nectar-rich flowers is an effective way to attract them, particularly those with red or orange tubular blooms. Excellent choices for Indiana include:
Trumpet creeper
Bee balm
Cardinal flower
Phlox
Native honeysuckles
These offer consistent nectar throughout their blooming periods.
In addition to natural floral sources, hummingbird feeders can supplement their diet, especially during periods when flowers are less abundant. Prepare a solution of one part refined white sugar to four parts water, boiling it to dissolve the sugar, then cooling. Avoid using red dye, honey, brown sugar, or artificial sweeteners, as these can be harmful to the birds.
Feeder maintenance is essential to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria. Clean feeders every two to three days, or daily in hot weather, by thoroughly rinsing them with hot water. A weekly cleaning with a mild vinegar or weak bleach solution, followed by a thorough rinse, helps maintain hygiene. Placing multiple feeders in shaded areas, spaced about 10-15 feet apart, can also reduce territorial disputes and attract more birds to your yard.