The term “daddy long legs” often causes confusion because it refers to more than one type of arachnid. The common name “daddy long legs” typically describes either the Harvestman (Opiliones) or the Cellar Spider (Pholcidae). These two groups are distinct: Harvestmen are arachnids but not true spiders, while Cellar Spiders are true spiders. This article clarifies the lifespans for both the true spiders and other arachnids commonly known as “daddy long legs.”
Lifespan of the True Daddy Long Leg Spider
Cellar Spiders, often called “daddy long legs,” belong to the family Pholcidae and build webs. These spiders are known for their long, thin legs and often reside in human dwellings, such as basements, cellars, and garages. Their indoor habitat contributes to their longevity, as they are protected from harsh environmental conditions.
Cellar spiders live for one to three years. A spiderling takes about one year to develop into an adult. During their growth, they shed their exoskeleton multiple times, a process called molting. Female cellar spiders can produce several egg sacs during their lifetime, each containing between 13 and 60 eggs, which they often carry in their mouthparts until hatching.
Lifespan of the Other Daddy Long Legs
Harvestmen, another arachnid commonly called “daddy long legs,” belong to the order Opiliones. Unlike true spiders, harvestmen have a single, oval body segment and do not produce silk or build webs. They are found outdoors in environments like forests, fields, and gardens.
Harvestmen have a shorter lifespan than cellar spiders, living for about one year. Their life cycle is seasonal, with eggs laid in late summer or early autumn. These eggs overwinter in the soil and hatch in the spring, leading to a new generation that matures over the summer and dies with the first hard frost in temperate regions. Some species in southern or warmer climates might live up to two years.
Factors Affecting Lifespan
Several external and environmental factors influence the lifespan of both Cellar Spiders and Harvestmen. Stable conditions, such as the consistent temperature and humidity found indoors, can extend the life of cellar spiders by protecting them from extremes. Conversely, outdoor arachnids are more exposed to fluctuating temperatures and can be susceptible to dehydration, which can shorten their lives.
The availability of food is an important factor. A consistent supply of prey, like insects, supports healthy growth and reproduction, contributing to a longer life. Periods of scarcity or starvation can reduce survival, though many arachnids can endure weeks or even months without food due to their low metabolism.
Predation also plays a role in determining lifespan. Both cellar spiders and harvestmen are prey for other insects, spiders, small reptiles, and mammals. Human activities, such as pest control or accidental disturbance, can also reduce their numbers. Diseases and parasites, though less commonly discussed, can impact an individual’s health and overall longevity.