Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are common, painful lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside the mouth, such as the cheeks, tongue, or the base of the gums. These shallow, round lesions typically feature a white or yellow center surrounded by a bright red border. A tingling or burning sensation often precedes the sore’s appearance by a day or two. These ulcers are not contagious and usually heal on their own without intervention, typically lasting one to two weeks.
The Typical Healing Timeline
The healing duration for a canker sore depends significantly on its type, with most falling into the minor category. Minor aphthous ulcers are the most frequent type, generally measuring less than 5 millimeters in diameter. These smaller lesions usually cause moderate pain and heal completely within seven to fourteen days, leaving no scar tissue behind.
Major aphthous ulcers are larger and deeper, often exceeding 10 millimeters across. These sores cause more intense pain and have a significantly longer healing period, sometimes lasting two to four weeks or more. Due to their depth and size, major ulcers can result in scarring of the oral mucous membrane.
Herpetiform ulcers are another variation, presenting as multiple pinpoint lesions that cluster together to form larger, irregularly shaped ulcers. They are not caused by the herpes virus and generally heal within one to two weeks, similar to the minor type. Regardless of the type, the pain associated with the sore usually begins to lessen noticeably about halfway through the healing process.
Home Care and Pain Relief Options
Several home care strategies can help manage the pain and discomfort while waiting for the sore to heal naturally. Rinsing the mouth with a solution of salt water or baking soda can help create a less acidic environment, reducing irritation and promoting healing. A common mixture involves dissolving one teaspoon of salt or baking soda in a half-cup of warm water and swishing it around the mouth.
Over-the-counter topical treatments provide targeted pain relief by temporarily numbing the sore. Gels, pastes, or liquids containing active ingredients like benzocaine can be applied directly to the lesion, offering a protective layer and anesthetic effect. Applying milk of magnesia directly to the sore can also help neutralize irritating acids.
Adjusting the diet during the healing period is important to minimize irritation. Temporarily avoid foods that are acidic, spicy, or abrasive, such as citrus fruits, hot peppers, crunchy chips, and highly acidic drinks, as these can aggravate the sore and slow the healing process.
When to Seek Professional Medical Advice
Although most canker sores heal without professional intervention, certain signs indicate the need for a consultation with a doctor or dentist. A sore that persists for longer than three weeks should be evaluated to rule out other conditions. Medical examination is also warranted for sores that are unusually large, painful, or seem to be spreading aggressively.
Professional attention is necessary if new sores develop before older ones have fully healed, or if outbreaks are frequent and recurring. Additionally, consult a healthcare provider immediately if the canker sore is accompanied by systemic symptoms. These symptoms include a high fever, difficulty swallowing, or a skin rash, which may suggest an underlying medical condition requiring specific treatment.