Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are common, small, and painful lesions that develop inside the mouth. These ulcers typically appear as white or yellowish open wounds surrounded by a distinct red border. They can form on the inner cheeks, lips, tongue, gums, or the roof of the mouth. Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not contagious and are not caused by a virus.
Typical Pain Duration
Pain usually subsides within 7 to 10 days. While discomfort lessens, the sore may remain visible longer. Minor canker sores heal within one to two weeks, even without medical intervention.
Some canker sores, particularly larger or more severe types, may take a longer time to heal. Major canker sores can last for several weeks or months. Herpetiform canker sores, which appear as clusters of tiny ulcers, generally heal within one to two weeks, similar to minor sores. The healing process involves the ulcer gradually closing as new tissue forms.
Factors Affecting Pain Duration
Several factors can influence how long a canker sore causes pain and how quickly it heals. The sore’s size and type play a role; larger sores often lead to more prolonged pain and healing.
The location of the sore within the mouth can also affect discomfort, as sores in areas prone to movement or friction, such as the tongue or inner lip, may experience more irritation. Ongoing irritation from activities like biting the cheek, harsh brushing, or dental appliances such as braces can prolong pain and delay healing.
Individual physiological factors, including stress levels, hormonal changes, and the body’s overall healing capacity, also contribute to the duration of discomfort. Dietary sensitivities or nutritional deficiencies, such as low levels of vitamin B12, iron, or folic acid, can influence how long a canker sore persists.
Relieving Pain and Promoting Healing
Managing pain and promoting healing involves several approaches. Rinsing with salt water or baking soda can soothe the sore and promote healing. Applying milk of magnesia directly to the sore can provide relief by neutralizing acids and coating the area. For temporary pain relief, over-the-counter topical gels or creams containing ingredients like benzocaine or lidocaine can be applied directly to the sore to numb the area. Some oral rinses, including those prescribed by a healthcare provider, may contain pain-relieving or anti-inflammatory agents to help with discomfort and reduce swelling.
Behavioral adjustments are also helpful, such as avoiding abrasive, acidic, or spicy foods that can irritate the sore and worsen pain. Using a soft-bristled toothbrush and maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent further trauma to the sore and promote cleanliness. Managing stress and ensuring adequate vitamin intake, particularly B12, can contribute to faster healing and reduce recurrence.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Most canker sores resolve on their own, but medical attention is advisable in specific situations. If a canker sore is unusually large, causes severe pain that interferes with eating or drinking, or persists for more than two weeks without showing signs of healing, a healthcare professional should be consulted.
Recurring canker sores, or frequent outbreaks, also warrant a medical evaluation. Other symptoms that suggest the need for assessment include a high fever with sores, sores extending to outer lips, or swollen lymph nodes. These signs could indicate a more complex underlying condition that requires diagnosis and treatment.