Naltrexone is a medication used in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). It functions as an opioid antagonist, blocking opioid effects by binding to brain receptors. This prevents euphoric feelings from opioid use and reduces cravings for both opioids and alcohol.
The medication is not an opioid itself, nor is it addictive. It does not cause withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation for those not physically dependent on opioids. Naltrexone is available in oral tablet form, taken daily, and as an extended-release intramuscular injection, administered monthly. It is a component of a comprehensive treatment plan including counseling and other behavioral therapies.
Typical Treatment Durations
The duration of Naltrexone treatment varies depending on the condition and individual patient needs. For opioid use disorder (OUD), Naltrexone therapy, particularly the injectable extended-release form (Vivitrol), is often long-term, even indefinite. This sustained approach helps maintain the blockade of opioid effects, significantly reducing relapse and overdose risk and helping individuals stay drug-free by preventing the “high” from opioids.
For alcohol use disorder (AUD), Naltrexone treatment can be shorter, with common durations ranging from 3 to 12 months. This medication reduces cravings for alcohol and decreases consumption by blocking its rewarding effects. Treatment may extend beyond this period if it continues to be beneficial for their recovery journey. The decision to continue or discontinue treatment is medical, based on patient progress and stability.
Factors Influencing Treatment Length
Many factors influence Naltrexone treatment length, highlighting its personalized nature. A primary consideration is the specific diagnosis, whether OUD or AUD, as each has different treatment protocols. The severity of the disorder, including history of substance use and previous treatment attempts, also plays a role in determining duration.
Response to the medication, including its effectiveness in reducing cravings and preventing relapse, guides the treatment timeline. Co-occurring mental health conditions can complicate treatment, potentially necessitating longer Naltrexone use with integrated care. Patient preference and engagement with the overall treatment plan, including counseling and support groups, are also important. The prescribing physician’s ongoing assessment and evolving treatment plan dictate Naltrexone therapy length.
Safety of Extended Use and Monitoring
Naltrexone has a favorable safety profile when used as prescribed, even over extended periods. For many, continued treatment benefits, such as reduced cravings and decreased relapse risk, outweigh potential risks. Regular medical supervision monitors for side effects and ensures the medication remains appropriate.
Ongoing monitoring includes regular check-ups and laboratory tests, particularly for liver function, as liver damage or hepatitis are rare but serious side effects. Gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea, are common but usually manageable side effects. Medical professionals monitor for changes in overall health or mental state, including depressed mood. Adherence to prescribed dosage and consistent communication with the healthcare provider are important for safe long-term use.
Concluding Naltrexone Treatment
Discontinuing Naltrexone should always occur under medical professional supervision. Abruptly stopping the medication is not recommended, although Naltrexone does not cause physical withdrawal symptoms itself. The healthcare provider assesses patient stability and readiness to transition off the medication.
A clear plan for managing the underlying condition after Naltrexone is stopped is important for discontinuation. This plan includes continued participation in therapy, engagement with support groups, or other recovery strategies. Stopping Naltrexone does not end recovery support; rather, it marks a new phase where behavioral and psychosocial interventions continue to play a central role in maintaining long-term sobriety.