Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) affecting millions globally. A frequent question arises regarding its ability to “lay dormant,” a misconception about how the infection persists in the body. The reality is that Trichomonas vaginalis, the parasite responsible, does not truly become inactive but often causes infections without noticeable symptoms.
Understanding Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is caused by a single-celled parasite known as Trichomonas vaginalis. This microscopic organism is typically transmitted through sexual contact, specifically during vaginal-penile or vaginal-vaginal intercourse. While it primarily infects the lower genital tract, symptoms can vary significantly among individuals or be entirely absent.
When symptoms do appear, they often include unusual vaginal discharge that may be thin, frothy, yellow, or greenish with a foul odor for women. Women might also experience genital itching, burning, soreness, or pain during urination or sexual intercourse. Men, however, typically experience fewer symptoms, which can include discharge from the penis, burning after ejaculation, or painful urination.
Asymptomatic Infection and Its Duration
The concept of trichomoniasis “laying dormant” is not accurate; instead, the infection frequently remains asymptomatic. This means the parasite is active in the body but causes no noticeable signs or symptoms. A significant majority of infected individuals, about 70% to 85%, do not develop any symptoms.
Many people, particularly men, can carry the Trichomonas vaginalis parasite for extended periods without realizing they are infected. This asymptomatic state can last for months or even years. Even without symptoms, an infected individual can still transmit the parasite to sexual partners.
Risks of Unidentified Infection
An asymptomatic or undiagnosed trichomoniasis infection carries several potential health risks. Individuals can unknowingly continue to transmit the infection to their sexual partners, perpetuating the cycle of infection. Beyond transmission, untreated trichomoniasis can increase susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections. For instance, it can cause inflammation in the genitals, making it easier to acquire or transmit HIV. Studies indicate that trichomoniasis can increase a woman’s risk of acquiring HIV by approximately 50%.
For women, unidentified trichomoniasis can lead to more serious complications. These include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can result in chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, or infertility. Pregnant individuals with trichomoniasis also face an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery, low birth weight babies, and premature rupture of membranes. Men with untreated infections may develop urethritis or prostatitis.
Detection and Treatment
Diagnosing trichomoniasis, especially in asymptomatic cases, relies on specific laboratory tests. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are considered the most sensitive and accurate method, detecting the parasite’s genetic material from urine or swab samples. While less sensitive, microscopic examination of fluid samples (wet mount) can sometimes identify the parasite quickly.
Given that many people are asymptomatic, testing is particularly important for individuals at risk or those with partners who have been diagnosed with trichomoniasis. Once diagnosed, trichomoniasis is curable with antibiotic medication. The standard treatments are oral metronidazole or tinidazole. It is important for all sexual partners to receive treatment simultaneously to prevent reinfection. Individuals should abstain from sexual activity until both they and their partners have completed treatment and any symptoms have resolved.