Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness affecting infants, young children, and sometimes adults. This infection is mild and usually resolves on its own without specific medical treatment. HFMD is caused by viruses, most commonly coxsackievirus A16, and is known for causing sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet.
Understanding Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Symptoms
The initial signs of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease often resemble common viral infections. Symptoms begin with a mild fever, sore throat, reduced appetite, and a general feeling of being unwell. These early symptoms appear three to six days after exposure to the virus.
Within one or two days of the fever starting, distinctive painful sores can develop in the mouth. These lesions may appear on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks, often starting as small red spots that progress into blisters. Concurrently or shortly after, a non-itchy rash appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This rash can also extend to other areas, including the buttocks, elbows, or knees.
How Long Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Typically Lasts
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease runs its course within seven to ten days. Most children experience a full recovery within this timeframe, with symptoms gradually subsiding. In some cases, the illness might last up to two weeks.
The duration can vary based on several factors, including the specific viral strain, the individual’s age, and their overall immune system health. For instance, children younger than two years old may take slightly longer to clear the virus. While active symptoms like fever and mouth sores resolve within a week, some lingering effects can occur.
Skin peeling on the hands and feet, known as desquamation, is a common occurrence one to two weeks after the fever subsides. This is a natural part of the healing process as the body sheds the affected outer layer of skin. In rare instances, some individuals might also experience temporary fingernail or toenail loss weeks after the infection, but these grow back.
When Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is Contagious
An individual with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is most contagious during the first week of illness. This period of highest contagiousness often coincides with the presence of fever and the initial appearance of mouth sores and rash. The virus spreads through direct contact with fluid from blisters, nose and throat discharges, and feces.
Even after visible symptoms have resolved, the virus can continue to be shed from the body. It can remain in respiratory secretions for one to three weeks. The virus can also be present in stool for several weeks to even months following the initial infection. Practicing thorough handwashing and good hygiene remains important during this extended period to help prevent further transmission.
Caring for Someone with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Managing Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease symptoms focuses on comfort and hydration, as there is no specific antiviral treatment. Pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate fever and discomfort from mouth sores. Avoid giving aspirin to children due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.
Adequate fluid intake is crucial, as painful mouth sores can make swallowing difficult and lead to dehydration. Offering cool liquids like water, diluted juices, or popsicles can be soothing. Soft foods like yogurt or pasta are often easier to consume, while acidic, spicy, or salty foods should be avoided as they can irritate mouth sores. Blisters on the skin should be kept clean and allowed to dry naturally; avoid piercing them as the fluid is contagious.
Consult a healthcare professional if symptoms do not improve after seven to ten days. Medical attention is also needed for signs of dehydration, such as decreased urination or a dry mouth. Other reasons to seek medical advice include a high fever that persists for more than three days, severe pain, or any unusual irritability or lethargy.