Dolphins, fully adapted to an aquatic existence, cannot survive for extended periods outside of water. Their survival time typically ranges from minutes to a few hours, varying with environmental conditions and human intervention. These marine mammals have evolved specific physiological characteristics that allow them to thrive in water, but these same adaptations become severe disadvantages on land.
Why Dolphins Cannot Survive Long on Land
Dolphins possess a body structure uniquely suited for life in the ocean, which becomes a significant hindrance when they are out of their natural habitat. Their streamlined bodies are designed for efficient movement through water, not for supporting their immense weight against gravity. On land, the absence of water’s buoyant support means their internal organs can be compressed, potentially leading to damage and restricted breathing.
Their respiratory system, while allowing them to breathe air like other mammals, is also specialized for an aquatic environment. The blowhole, located on top of their head, is difficult to use effectively when a dolphin is lying on its side on land, increasing the risk of suffocation if it becomes obstructed or submerged.
A dolphin’s skin is delicate and not adapted to dry air, making it highly susceptible to desiccation, cracking, and sunburn when exposed. This rapid dehydration can lead to severe skin damage, further compromising their health.
Dolphins are warm-blooded and maintain a core body temperature around 36-37°C (96.8-98.6°F). Their thick blubber layer, which provides insulation in cool water, becomes a disadvantage on land, leading to rapid overheating (hyperthermia). Without water to dissipate excess heat, dolphins can quickly reach dangerous body temperatures.
Immediate Health Risks Outside Water
When a dolphin is stranded out of water, it faces immediate and life-threatening health risks. The rapid loss of moisture from their skin due to dry air and sun exposure leads to severe dehydration, which can quickly impact their overall physiological function. This skin damage can manifest as lesions and ulcers, akin to severe burns, which may then become susceptible to secondary infections.
The lack of buoyancy on land causes a dolphin’s body weight to exert immense pressure on its internal organs. This compression can impair circulation and lead to organ damage or even internal bleeding, compromising the function of vital systems.
Breathing becomes significantly more challenging. The awkward position and the force of gravity increase the work required for respiration, leading to oxygen deprivation and stress on their respiratory system. This respiratory distress can quickly escalate, contributing to overall physiological decline.
Overheating is a rapid and serious concern. Without the cooling effect of water, the dolphin’s blubber, designed for insulation, traps heat, causing its body temperature to rise quickly. This hyperthermia can lead to organ dysfunction and shock. The overall experience of being stranded also induces immense physiological and psychological stress, further compounding these health issues and making recovery more challenging.
Responding to Stranded Dolphins
Report the sighting immediately to a local marine mammal stranding network or emergency services. These organizations have trained professionals who can assess the situation and provide appropriate care.
Untrained individuals should not attempt to push a stranded dolphin back into the sea. Dolphins often strand due to illness, injury, or disorientation, and returning them to the water without a professional assessment can lead to re-stranding. Dolphins are heavy, and specialized equipment is needed to move them safely without causing additional harm to their delicate structures.
While waiting for professional responders, if guided by authorities, some basic actions can help. Keeping the animal wet by pouring water over its body, while carefully avoiding the blowhole, can help prevent desiccation and reduce overheating. Providing shade with a tarp or umbrella can also help regulate its body temperature. It is also important to maintain a quiet environment and keep pets and onlookers at a distance to minimize stress on the animal.
Trained professionals assess the dolphin’s health, determine the cause of stranding, and decide on the best course of action, which may include rehabilitation or, in some cases, euthanasia. They can provide specialized medical care, including rehydration and treatment for injuries or illnesses, which is often needed before any attempt at release.