Rattlesnakes are venomous snakes belonging to the family Viperidae, defined by a highly advanced and specialized venom delivery system. This apparatus centers on two large, hinged teeth designed for the rapid injection of toxins into prey or a perceived threat. The effectiveness of this system depends on the precise length, mobility, and internal structure of these specialized teeth.
The Standard Measurements of Rattlesnake Fangs
The size of a rattlesnake’s fangs is directly proportional to the snake’s overall body length and head size. For the largest species, such as the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), fangs of a mature specimen can measure approximately 1 to 1.25 inches (2.5 to over 3 centimeters) in length. This measurement refers to the usable, exposed portion of the tooth when fully extended for a strike.
Smaller rattlesnakes or juvenile individuals possess significantly shorter fangs, sometimes measuring only a quarter of an inch. Longer fangs penetrate deeper into tissue, allowing the venom to reach blood vessels or muscles more effectively. The length of the fang is determined by the size of the maxillary bone to which it is attached.
The Mechanics of Venom Delivery
Rattlesnake fangs are an example of a solenoglyphous venom system, meaning they are large, hollow, and connected to a movable bone structure. When the snake’s mouth is closed, the fangs fold backward, resting against the roof of the mouth. This position accommodates their length and protects the delicate tips from accidental damage.
During a strike, muscle contractions rotate a small, specialized bone called the maxilla forward. This rotation causes the fangs to swing from their folded position to an erect, stabbing posture in a fraction of a second. As the fangs are protracted, they also diverge slightly, increasing the distance between the puncture wounds on the target.
Once embedded, the fangs act like twin hypodermic needles, channeling venom from a gland at the rear of the head. Venom is expelled when the powerful musculature surrounding the venom gland contracts, creating pressure that forces the toxin through a duct and out the fang’s opening near the tip. This mechanism delivers the venom deep into the target’s tissue.
Fang Replacement and Regrowth
Rattlesnake fangs are not permanent teeth; they are regularly replaced throughout the snake’s life, often due to being lost or broken during a struggle with prey or a defensive bite. The functional fang is supported by a row of successional fangs located immediately behind it, each in a different stage of development.
When the active fang is lost or due for replacement, the next fang moves forward to take its place and becomes firmly attached to the maxilla. This replacement happens cyclically, often occurring every 6 to 10 weeks. Replacement is staggered between the two fangs, ensuring the snake maintains at least one functional venom injector.