An endometrial biopsy, often called a uterus biopsy, is a common outpatient procedure used to evaluate the health of the uterine lining (endometrium). This diagnostic tool involves removing a small tissue sample for laboratory analysis. The primary purpose is to investigate abnormal uterine bleeding, including heavy, prolonged, or irregular periods, or bleeding after menopause. Examining the tissue helps physicians screen for conditions such as endometrial hyperplasia, hormonal imbalances, and cancerous or precancerous cells.
Understanding the Endometrial Biopsy Procedure
The biopsy is typically performed in a doctor’s office and takes less than 15 minutes. During the procedure, a physician cleans the cervix with an antiseptic solution. They then pass a thin, flexible tube, often called a pipelle or catheter, through the cervical opening into the uterine cavity.
A small sample of the endometrial tissue is collected using a suction mechanism or by gently moving the device back and forth. This tissue is then sent for microscopic examination. Specific recovery guidelines are necessary because the cervix is temporarily opened, and a small wound is left on the uterine lining. This creates a pathway for external bacteria to enter the sterile environment of the uterus.
Immediate Recovery and Expected Symptoms
Following the procedure, it is normal to experience physical sensations similar to those felt during a menstrual period. Mild to moderate cramping is common as the uterine muscles contract in response to the biopsy. This discomfort is typically short-lived and improves significantly within the first 24 to 72 hours.
Light vaginal bleeding or spotting is also expected. This bleeding is usually much lighter than a normal period and may persist for a few days. Use sanitary pads instead of tampons to manage this light flow, which minimizes the risk of introducing bacteria into the healing area.
Some individuals may notice a small amount of dark or brownish discharge after the initial spotting subsides. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, are usually sufficient to manage the mild cramping. Rest and applying a warm compress to the lower abdomen can also help alleviate discomfort.
Resuming Activity and Sexual Intercourse
The most important recovery instruction is to avoid placing anything inside the vagina for a specific period to allow the uterine lining to heal and prevent infection. This restriction includes refraining from sexual intercourse, tampons, and douching. The biopsy creates a small, open area on the endometrial surface, and the cervix may remain slightly open.
Introducing foreign objects or fluids, including semen and bacteria, significantly increases the risk of developing a pelvic infection before the cervix has closed and the uterine lining has healed. The specific waiting period for resuming intercourse can vary depending on the physician’s instructions and post-procedure bleeding, but common recommendations range from 24 hours to one week. Many healthcare providers advise waiting at least two to three days.
A conservative guideline is to abstain from sexual activity until spotting or light bleeding has completely stopped, which may take up to seven days. This ensures the body’s natural barrier defenses are fully restored. Activities like taking a bath, swimming, or using a hot tub are also typically restricted for a few days.
The restriction minimizes infection risk while internal tissues are temporarily vulnerable. Following the specific timeline provided by your healthcare provider is the safest way to ensure proper healing. While light activities can often be resumed the next day, strenuous exercise or heavy lifting should be avoided for at least 24 to 48 hours to prevent increased bleeding.
Recognizing Signs of Complications
While the endometrial biopsy is a low-risk procedure, recognizing signs of a possible complication is important for patient safety. These abnormal signs are distinct from the mild, temporary symptoms of normal recovery. Heavy bleeding is a sign of concern, defined as soaking through one sanitary pad in an hour for two consecutive hours.
Severe or worsening abdominal pain that is not relieved by over-the-counter medication warrants immediate medical attention. Pain that intensifies instead of gradually decreasing suggests a potential issue. The development of a fever above 100.4°F (38°C), or the presence of chills, can indicate a developing infection.
A foul-smelling vaginal discharge is also a strong indicator of an infection within the uterus or pelvis. If any of these symptoms—heavy bleeding, unmanageable pain, fever, or unusual discharge—occur, contact your healthcare provider immediately.