Elaeagnus is a robust genus of shrubs and small trees known for its hardiness and adaptability. Its vigorous growth and rapid establishment make it a popular choice for various landscaping needs.
Elaeagnus Growth Rate Explained
Elaeagnus species are recognized for their vigorous growth, making them effective for quickly establishing visual screens or dense hedges. Under optimal conditions, many varieties can increase their height by 2 to 4 feet (0.6 to 1.2 meters) each year. For example, Elaeagnus pungens, also known as thorny olive or silverthorn, can extend new shoots 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 meters) within a single growing season. Elaeagnus × ebbingei typically adds 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) to its height annually.
This swift progression allows young plants to mature into substantial landscape features, such as privacy barriers or windbreaks, in just a few years. This rapid development is a key reason for its popularity in landscaping, where quick coverage is desired.
Factors Influencing Elaeagnus Growth
Elaeagnus growth is influenced by several environmental and cultural factors. These plants thrive and grow more densely in full sun, ideally receiving at least 4 to 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. While they tolerate partial shade, this may result in slower, less dense growth. Most Elaeagnus species perform well in USDA hardiness zones 6 through 9, tolerating various temperatures, including frost and heat, and are suited for coastal environments with salt and wind.
Soil conditions also influence growth. Elaeagnus adapts to various soil types, including clay, sand, and rocky soils. Well-drained soil with a pH range between 6.0 and 7.5 is best for vigorous growth. Proper drainage prevents root issues, and heavy soils benefit from amendments like sand or compost.
Water availability is important during the initial establishment phase. Young plants need consistent moisture, often two to three times weekly for the first few months, to promote deep root systems. Once established, Elaeagnus is drought-tolerant, generally needing supplemental watering only during prolonged dry periods. Proper planting, including adequate spacing for hedges (4 to 6 feet apart), also supports healthy establishment.
Regarding nutrient needs, Elaeagnus typically does not require extensive fertilization, as many species are nitrogen-fixers, enriching the soil. An annual application of a balanced slow-release fertilizer in spring can promote development, especially in less fertile soils. Avoiding over-fertilization maintains plant health.
Managing Elaeagnus Growth
Given its vigorous growth, effective management of Elaeagnus is important for maintaining its desired size and form. Pruning is a primary method for size control and shaping, and Elaeagnus responds well to it. Heavier pruning to reduce overall size is best performed in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.
Light trimming or shearing can be done during spring and summer to maintain shape and density, especially for hedges. Removing dead or damaged branches can be done at any time of year to promote plant health. Regular pruning encourages branching, leading to a thicker, more uniform plant.
Despite its desirable qualities, some Elaeagnus species, such as Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) and Thorny Olive (Elaeagnus pungens), can exhibit aggressive growth and invasive tendencies in certain regions. Their rapid spread, often facilitated by bird-dispersed seeds and root suckers, allows them to outcompete native vegetation and form dense thickets. Diligent management, including consistent pruning and monitoring for spread, is important to prevent them from becoming problematic.