Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common skin cancer originating from squamous cells in the outer skin layer (epidermis). It is the second most diagnosed skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. Growth rates vary considerably, a common concern for individuals.
Understanding Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth
SCC typically begins as a slow-growing lesion, developing over months to years. While many progress gradually, some can grow rapidly within weeks. An early form, Bowen’s disease, appears as a dry, scaly patch resembling dermatitis.
SCC can appear as a rough, scaly patch, an open sore that may crust or bleed, or an elevated growth with a central depression. These lesions commonly develop on sun-exposed areas like the face, ears, neck, and hands, but can also arise in less exposed areas, including mucous membranes or existing scars.
Factors Affecting Growth Speed
Several factors influence SCC growth speed. Tumor location plays a role; SCCs on the lips or ears may grow faster or be more aggressive. Sun-exposed areas like the face, scalp, and hands can also see more rapid growth due to increased UV exposure.
Different SCC types have varying growth patterns. Keratoacanthoma, a subtype, is known for rapid initial growth, appearing suddenly as a dome-shaped tumor with a central crater. Patient factors, such as a weakened immune system, can lead to more aggressive, faster-growing SCCs. Older age, fair skin, chronic inflammation, radiation damage, genetic predisposition, cumulative sun exposure, and precursor lesions like actinic keratoses are additional influencing factors.
Recognizing Rapid Growth and Next Steps
Recognizing signs of rapid growth in a squamous cell carcinoma is important for timely intervention. This can include a sudden increase in the lesion’s size, or the rapid development of pain, tenderness, or bleeding. Changes in the lesion’s texture, such as becoming firm, hard, or quickly ulcerated, may also signal accelerated growth. Spreading inflammation or redness around the lesion can also be an indicator.
It is important to regularly self-monitor your skin for any new or changing lesions. If you notice a suspicious spot that is growing, bleeding, or changing, seek professional medical advice promptly. Dermatologists are specifically trained to evaluate such skin changes and can perform a biopsy if SCC is suspected. Early evaluation allows for appropriate management and improved outcomes.
Why Growth Rate Matters for Outcomes
The growth rate of squamous cell carcinoma holds significant implications for a patient’s health outcomes. Faster-growing SCCs are generally associated with an increased risk of local invasion into surrounding tissues and a higher potential for metastasis, which is the spread of cancer to distant parts of the body. While metastasis from SCC is relatively uncommon, occurring in about 2% of cases, it can be a serious complication.
Studies suggest that tumors with a growth rate greater than 4 millimeters per month have a higher risk of spreading to lymph nodes and a shorter time to metastasis. Early diagnosis and treatment, regardless of the initial growth rate, lead to the most favorable outcomes. If SCC spreads beyond the skin, such as to lymph nodes or internal organs, the five-year survival rate can drop significantly. Timely medical intervention is therefore important for effective treatment and to reduce the risk of complications.