Pigeons exhibit a notably rapid growth rate. Their development from hatching to independence is compressed into a relatively short timeframe, distinguishing them from many other bird species. This accelerated progression allows young pigeons, known as squabs, to quickly transition from complete dependency to self-sufficiency. Understanding the stages of their growth reveals how efficiently these common birds mature.
Key Stages of Pigeon Development
Pigeon development begins inside the egg, with an incubation period of approximately 18 days. Once hatched, squabs are altricial, meaning they are born blind, featherless or with sparse down, and entirely dependent on their parents for warmth and nourishment. Their eyes typically open within the first week of life.
Within the first 10 days, pin feathers become visible on their wings, back, tail, and breast. By day 16, these pin feathers have opened into adult-colored plumage, and by day 21, the bird is almost completely feathered. Squabs can increase their mass by 4 to 8 grams per day, reaching a weight between 270 and 350 grams at 30 days old.
Pigeon chicks typically leave the nest, or fledge, around 25 to 32 days after hatching, though this can extend to 45 days in colder conditions. At this point, they are largely feathered and resemble adult pigeons. After fledging, young pigeons continue to be fed by their parents for several days while they learn to fly and forage. They generally reach independence, capable of finding food on their own, between 4 to 6 weeks post-hatching. Pigeons typically attain sexual maturity as early as 7 months of age, though females may not lay eggs until around one year old.
Influences on Growth Progression
The rapid growth of pigeons is significantly shaped by several factors, with nutrition playing a primary role. Newly hatched squabs are fed a unique substance called “crop milk,” produced by both parent pigeons. This nutrient-rich secretion, high in protein (11.0-18.8%) and fat (4.5-12.7%), is the squabs’ sole food source for their first few days. As they grow, parents gradually introduce softened seeds and grains into their diet alongside the crop milk, eventually transitioning them to a diet of whole seeds and grains. A balanced diet of grains, seeds, legumes, and occasional greens provides necessary carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Environmental conditions also influence a pigeon’s growth. A safe, concealed nesting site, often found in hidden nooks or ledges, protects vulnerable squabs from predators and harsh weather. Temperature can affect fledging time, with colder conditions potentially extending the nestling period. Overcrowding can also hinder growth by increasing stress and the risk of disease.
While the general growth pattern is consistent, slight variations exist among different pigeon species or domesticated breeds. Some breeds may exhibit different mature body weights or varying growth rates post-hatch.
The health of a pigeon can directly impact its growth trajectory. Illnesses or parasitic infections can slow down development and reduce overall performance. For instance, diseases like rotavirus, circovirus, and adenovirus can cause growth problems and weaken the immune system in young pigeons. Adequate calcium and other minerals are also important for strong bone development during their fast growth phase.