Hazelnut trees (Corylus) are versatile plants valued for their edible nuts and adaptability. They can grow as multi-stemmed shrubs or be trained into small, single-trunked trees, depending on the species and cultivation method. The term “hazelnut” usually refers to the European filbert (Corylus avellana) or the native American hazelnut (Corylus americana). Determining the growth rate is complex, as it depends heavily on genetics and local conditions. The growth process involves rapid vertical gain in the early years, followed by a transition to reproductive maturity.
Understanding Typical Annual Growth Rates
Under ideal conditions, hazelnut trees exhibit a medium to fast growth rate once they are established. The most significant vegetative growth occurs during the juvenile phase, typically after the first year of planting. During this vigorous period, the American hazelnut (Corylus americana) often adds between 13 and 24 inches of height each year.
European hazelnut cultivars also maintain a moderately fast growth rate during these initial years. However, the first year is primarily dedicated to root establishment. Above-ground growth may appear slower as the plant focuses its energy beneath the soil surface.
Environmental and Cultivar Factors Influencing Speed
Environmental factors and the specific variety planted heavily influence the speed and ultimate size of a hazelnut plant. Access to sunlight is a primary determinant; full sun exposure (at least six hours daily) promotes the most vigorous vegetative growth and optimal nut production. Insufficient light will slow the growth rate and reduce the overall yield, though hazelnuts can tolerate partial shade.
Soil quality is important, as the plants require well-drained, loamy soil with consistent moisture. Poor drainage or waterlogged conditions stunt growth and can lead to root rot. Hazelnuts thrive in a slightly acidic to neutral pH range, ideally between 6.0 and 7.5, which facilitates nutrient uptake.
The choice of cultivar introduces substantial differences in growth habit and speed. European hazelnuts tend to grow larger, often reaching 15 to 20 feet, and are the standard for commercial orchards. The native American hazelnut is generally a smaller, multi-stemmed shrub, topping out between 8 and 16 feet, known for its hardiness and compact, suckering habit. A specific number of chilling hours during winter (800 to 1600 hours) is necessary for proper bud development and subsequent spring growth.
Timeline for Tree Maturity and Nut Yield
The transition from vegetative growth to reproductive maturity follows a predictable timeline, marking the shift to nut production. Hazelnut trees typically begin to produce their first small harvest within three to five years after planting. Some fast-growing American hazelnut varieties may even begin producing nuts as early as two or three years old.
Full maturity, where nut production stabilizes and reaches its highest volume, generally occurs between seven and ten years after establishment. This timeline is a significant consideration for commercial growers, representing the necessary investment period before maximum returns are achieved. Hazelnut plants are long-lived and can continue to yield nuts for many decades, with some varieties maintaining yields for 25 years or more.