Hormonal birth control introduces synthetic hormones into the body to prevent pregnancy. These hormones can influence mood as the body adjusts to the altered hormonal landscape. Understanding this relationship can help individuals navigate their contraceptive choices.
Hormonal Impact on Mood
Hormonal birth control contains estrogen and progestin. These introduced hormones can interact with neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), involved in mood regulation. Estrogen enhances dopamine activity and can increase serotonin levels, neurotransmitters associated with feelings of well-being and pleasure.
Conversely, progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone, can influence mood by affecting these same neurotransmitter systems. Progestin may decrease serotonin concentrations by increasing the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that breaks down serotonin. Progesterone and its metabolites also interact with dopamine and can potentiate GABAergic synapses, which are inhibitory in nature. These complex interactions can lead to various mood changes, including irritability, anxiety, low mood, and mood swings.
When Mood Changes May Occur
The timeline for experiencing mood changes after starting hormonal birth control can vary considerably among individuals. Some people may notice shifts in their mood quickly, within days to a few weeks, as their body begins to adapt to the new hormone levels. This initial period is often when the most noticeable side effects, including mood-related ones, occur.
For many, these initial mood changes are temporary and subside as the body adjusts to the contraception. Side effects, including mood fluctuations, often resolve within two to three months of starting a new hormonal birth control method. However, some individuals might experience more gradual changes that emerge over several weeks or even months, or find that initial side effects persist beyond this adjustment period. It is important to allow the body sufficient time to adapt to the new hormonal environment.
Why Responses Vary
Individual responses to hormonal birth control, particularly concerning mood, vary significantly. Genetic predispositions play a role, as certain genetic markers can influence how the body processes and metabolizes synthetic hormones. For example, genetic variants that slow the breakdown of estrogen or progestin might lead to more intensified side effects, including mood swings.
A person’s pre-existing mental health conditions also influence their experience. Individuals with a history of depression, anxiety, or other mood disorders are more likely to experience negative mood changes when using hormonal contraception. Individual sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations is another contributing factor; some people’s brains are more reactive to changes in hormone levels. The specific type and dosage of hormones in the birth control method, whether a combined estrogen-progestin formulation or a progestin-only option, can also impact the likelihood and nature of mood effects.
Addressing Mood Changes
If mood changes occur after starting hormonal birth control, consulting a healthcare provider is a first step. They can discuss concerns and assess if the current method is suitable. Monitoring symptoms through a mood diary or app can help identify patterns and provide valuable information for these discussions.
Potential strategies include exploring different types or dosages of hormonal birth control, as various formulations can affect individuals differently. In some cases, a healthcare provider might suggest considering non-hormonal birth control alternatives, such as copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), condoms, or fertility awareness-based methods. Lifestyle factors, including consistent exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep, can also support overall mood stability while on birth control.