Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs developing on or within an ovary. These growths are common, with many individuals developing at least one during their lifetime. They are typically benign and often do not cause any symptoms. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system, responsible for producing eggs and hormones.
Ovarian Cyst Types and Growth Patterns
Ovarian cyst growth patterns vary significantly by type. Functional cysts, the most common, relate directly to the menstrual cycle. These are follicular and corpus luteum cysts. A follicular cyst forms when a follicle, a sac containing an egg, fails to rupture and release the egg during ovulation. These cysts typically resolve on their own within a few weeks to a couple of months.
A corpus luteum cyst develops after an egg has been released. The remaining follicle, now called the corpus luteum, usually shrinks. However, if the opening seals and fluid accumulates, a cyst forms. These generally disappear spontaneously within a few cycles. Functional cysts form as part of the monthly cycle and then regress, not growing progressively.
In contrast, pathological cysts arise from abnormal cell growth and are not tied to the menstrual cycle. Examples include endometriomas, dermoid cysts, and cystadenomas. Endometriomas, or “chocolate cysts,” form when uterine lining-like tissue grows on the ovaries. These can slowly enlarge and are often associated with endometriosis.
Dermoid cysts are unique, containing various tissues like hair, skin, or teeth, and tend to grow gradually. Cystadenomas are growths on the ovarian surface, filled with watery or mucous fluid. Unlike functional cysts, these pathological cysts generally do not resolve on their own and may continue to grow, sometimes reaching substantial sizes.
Factors Affecting Growth Rate
Several factors beyond the cyst type can influence an ovarian cyst’s growth rate. Hormonal fluctuations play a significant role, particularly in the formation and persistence of functional cysts. The cyclical changes in estrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle directly impact follicular development and ovulation, which can lead to the formation of these temporary cysts. Pregnancy can also influence cyst behavior due to elevated hormone levels.
Age is another factor. Ovarian cysts are more common during childbearing years, when hormonal activity is regular. After menopause, the incidence of functional cysts decreases significantly. However, the likelihood of a pathological cyst being cancerous increases after menopause, which can influence how rapid growth is assessed.
Underlying medical conditions also affect cyst development and growth. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by multiple small cysts on the ovaries, though the condition is primarily hormonal. Endometriosis is directly linked to endometrioma formation, which can grow with continued endometrial tissue activity. Individual physiology and genetics can also influence cyst development or size changes.
Monitoring Growth and Its Importance
Monitoring ovarian cyst growth is common to assess its nature and potential implications. Ultrasound imaging is the primary method, providing detailed views of the cyst’s size, shape, and characteristics. Regular follow-up ultrasounds track changes over time, helping healthcare providers determine if a cyst is resolving, remaining stable, or growing.
The importance of monitoring lies in several clinical considerations. Observing growth patterns helps manage symptoms like pelvic pain, pressure, or bloating, which might worsen if a cyst enlarges. It also aids in distinguishing between benign cysts that will likely resolve and those that may require intervention. For instance, rapid growth might signal a need for further evaluation to rule out complications like rupture or ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists on its blood supply, or to investigate more serious conditions.
Monitoring also guides treatment decisions. While many cysts disappear on their own, persistent or significantly growing cysts, especially those causing severe symptoms or showing suspicious features, may warrant surgical removal. Careful observation of a cyst’s growth trajectory provides essential information for patient care and ensures timely and appropriate management.