A urinary catheter is a flexible tube designed to drain urine from the bladder or administer medication directly into it. Healthcare professionals typically insert these devices when individuals experience difficulty urinating naturally. Catheters are also used to empty the bladder before or after surgical procedures and to assist in certain diagnostic tests.
Understanding Female Anatomy for Catheterization
The female urethra is a narrow tube connecting the bladder to the outside of the body. Its length is notably shorter than in males, measuring approximately 1.5 to 4 centimeters (about 0.6 to 1.6 inches). This tube extends from the bladder neck to the vaginal vestibule, ending between the clitoris and the vaginal opening. The bladder stores urine before it is expelled from the body. The shorter female urethra can make catheter insertion simpler but also contributes to a higher risk of urinary tract infections.
How Far a Catheter Goes
When inserting a urinary catheter in a female, the goal is to reach the bladder. The catheter is gently advanced through the urethral opening. Healthcare professionals insert the lubricated catheter until urine flow is observed. This initial insertion ranges from 2.5 to 5 centimeters (about 1 to 2 inches).
Once urine is seen, the catheter is advanced an additional 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) to ensure the balloon, if present, is fully within the bladder and not in the urethra. For indwelling catheters, a small balloon at the tip is then inflated with sterile water to secure the catheter in place within the bladder, preventing it from slipping out. Intermittent catheters, on the other hand, are removed immediately after the bladder is emptied, so no balloon inflation is needed. The smallest appropriate catheter size, often between 14-French and 16-French for adult women, is used to minimize discomfort and infection risk.
Ensuring Comfort During Catheterization
While catheter insertion may cause some pressure or mild discomfort, it should not be excessively painful. Applying a water-soluble, sterile lubricant to the catheter before insertion significantly reduces friction and irritation, making the process smoother. Patients can also be encouraged to relax and take deep breaths during insertion, as tension can make the process more difficult.
Choosing the correct catheter size and material also contributes to comfort. Silicone catheters are recommended as they may cause less irritation and are a suitable option for those with latex sensitivities. Additionally, proper hygiene practices, such as thoroughly washing hands before handling the catheter and cleaning the insertion site, are important for preventing infections that can lead to discomfort. If any significant pain, burning, itching, or bleeding occurs, it is important to consult a healthcare professional.