Flushing a toilet creates a phenomenon known as “toilet plume,” or “toilet aerosol,” which disperses microscopic particles and water droplets into the surrounding air. This occurs with every flush. These airborne particles, originating from the toilet bowl, can contain microorganisms.
Understanding Toilet Plume
Toilet plume results from the forceful interaction of water and air during a flush. As water rapidly enters the bowl and drains, it creates significant turbulence, propelling tiny bioaerosol droplets upward. These minute particles are not visible to the naked eye. They can carry bacteria and viruses present in the toilet bowl. Pathogens can persist and become aerosolized even after multiple flushes.
This aerosolization process launches microscopic particles into the air. A single flush can generate hundreds to thousands of these particles. Particle size varies; larger droplets settle quickly, while finer particles can remain airborne for extended periods.
The Reach of Airborne Particles
Toilet plume particles can travel considerable distances within a bathroom. Research indicates that these airborne particles can shoot upward at speeds of up to 6.6 feet per second, reaching heights of approximately 5 feet above the toilet within eight seconds of flushing. They can also spread horizontally, dispersing several yards across a room within minutes. Some studies suggest these aerosol plumes can reach as high as 6 feet.
These particles can settle on various surfaces throughout the bathroom. Commonly affected areas include toothbrushes, countertops, sinks, walls, floors, hand towels, and door handles. Smaller particles, less than 5 microns in size, can remain suspended in the air for hours before settling. This extended suspension time means the plume may still be present when the bathroom is used by another individual.
Reducing Particle Spread
Several measures can help minimize the spread of toilet plume particles in bathrooms. A primary method is closing the toilet lid before flushing. This action helps contain a significant portion of the droplets within the toilet bowl, limiting their dispersion into the air. While it may not completely eliminate all particles, it is an effective way to reduce bacterial spread.
Good bathroom ventilation is another strategy. Using an exhaust fan or opening a window can help dissipate and remove airborne particles more rapidly, improving air quality. Regular cleaning and disinfection of bathroom surfaces are also essential. High-touch surfaces like toilet seats, flush handles, and sinks should be cleaned frequently. Storing personal hygiene items, such as toothbrushes, inside cabinets or drawers, or at a distance of at least 6 feet from the toilet, can help protect them from settling particles.