The Heimlich maneuver, also known as abdominal thrusts, is a first-aid procedure for life-threatening airway obstructions. This technique aims to dislodge blockages by creating an artificial cough, restoring breathing. Prompt intervention is necessary for survival during choking incidents.
Success Rates and Influencing Factors
The effectiveness of the Heimlich maneuver is high when performed correctly on a complete airway obstruction. Success rates often range from 70% to 85%, and can approach 100% for complete blockages if executed properly. The maneuver functions by applying pressure to the diaphragm, which compresses the lungs and forces a burst of air upward, similar to a strong cough, to expel the lodged object.
The timeliness of its application influences the outcome, as seconds count in a choking emergency. Correct technique is important for success, as improper execution can reduce effectiveness and potentially cause harm. The nature of the obstructing object also plays a role; complete blockages are more responsive than partial ones. Factors like the object’s size, shape, and consistency can affect how easily it is dislodged. The victim’s condition, including their consciousness, determines whether the maneuver is appropriate, as it is only recommended for conscious individuals.
Recognizing When to Use It
Recognizing the signs of a complete airway obstruction is important for appropriate intervention. A person experiencing a complete blockage will be unable to speak, cry, or cough effectively. They may clutch their throat, a universal sign of choking, and exhibit a panicked or confused expression. Skin color changes, such as becoming pale or bluish, or making high-pitched noises with little to no sound, also indicate a severe obstruction.
Distinguishing this from a partial obstruction is important, as individuals with a partial blockage can still cough, speak, or breathe. In such cases, encouraging the person to continue coughing is often the recommended first step, as a strong cough can sometimes clear the airway. The Heimlich maneuver should not be used if the person is unconscious. Specific considerations apply to different age groups; for instance, it is not recommended for infants under one year old, who instead require back blows and chest thrusts.
Possible Risks
While the Heimlich maneuver is a life-saving procedure, potential complications can arise, even when performed correctly. Common risks include rib fractures and bruising. More serious internal injuries, such as gastric or esophageal perforations, splenic rupture, or damage to the aorta, have also been reported. These injuries are more likely if the maneuver is performed incorrectly or with excessive force.
Elderly individuals or those with pre-existing medical conditions may face an increased risk of complications due to factors like fragile bones or underlying comorbidities. Despite these potential risks, the immediate danger of death from choking outweighs the possibility of injury from the maneuver. Medical evaluation is advisable for anyone who has received the Heimlich maneuver, especially if they experience persistent symptoms afterward.
Actions When the Maneuver Isn’t Enough
If the Heimlich maneuver does not successfully dislodge the object, immediate additional steps are necessary. Emergency services should be called without delay. The rescuer should continue cycles of abdominal thrusts until medical help arrives or the obstruction clears. Some guidelines also suggest alternating with back blows.
Should the person become unconscious, they should be gently lowered to a firm, flat surface. At this point, the focus shifts to initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Chest compressions performed during CPR may help to dislodge the foreign object. Continuous effort and observation are important until the airway is clear or professional medical assistance takes over.